- 學位論文
啟蒙時期性的生命政治：約翰·克里蘭及薩德侯爵的情色書寫
Sexual Biopolitics in the Age of the Enlightenment: The Erotic Writings of John Cleland and the Marquis de Sade
摘要
本論文探討啟蒙時期性的生命政治在約翰‧克里蘭及薩德侯爵情色書寫裡個體的實踐形式，主要有兩種：在克里蘭的書信體寫作中，個體透過傅柯的自我技術及艾斯波西多的生命範式，反思內在主體，達成主體化實踐；在薩德的性烏托邦寫作中，除了透過巴代伊強調的無上權力挑戰舊有統治制度，阿岡本不作為的自我技術可提供個體終止薩德作品裡的極端生命政治機制，展現其生命形式的可能性。 本論文共分五章。緒論說明啟蒙時期性與生命政治的關係，由此展開本論文的主要關懷：在約翰‧克里蘭及薩德侯爵情色書寫裡性的生命政治的實踐。第一章討論克里蘭作品裡性的生命政治三個面向：空間與窺視的身體、話語的反思及社會政治品味的塑造。第二章闡述薩德作品裡性的生命政治用以挑戰舊有體制的無上權力的四個面向：對抗社會政治機制的無神論範式、空間中的情色烏托邦、惡之美德的話語及破壞性自然的窺視。第三章綜整克里蘭及薩德作品裡人物經歷性的生命政治四種機制—空間、窺視、話語及社會政治，人物呈現出生命政治個體的樣態。第四章敘明生命政治個體在克里蘭作品裡利用傅柯的自我技術及艾斯波西多的生命範式達成主體化的三個歷程：反思前的個體、反思的實踐、自我重建。第五章探究生命政治個體在薩德作品裡除了第二章提及運用巴代伊的無上權力挑戰舊有體制外，透過阿岡本不作為的自我技術終止薩德作品裡的宰制機制，展現其生命形式。 文末總結啟蒙時期性的生命政治透過克里蘭及薩德作品裡呈現出的個體實踐形式可供吾人反思當代的生命狀態。
並列摘要
This dissertation aims to figure out sexual biopolitics in John Cleland’s and the Marquis de Sade’s erotic writings in the age of the Enlightenment. Michel Foucault’s technologies of the self and Roberto Esposito’s norm of life are applied to analyze Cleland’s erotica. Besides using Georges Bataille’s sovereign power in Sade to overthrow the Ancient Regime in chapter 2, Giorgio Agamben’s inoperative technologies of the self are applied to analyze Sade’s pornotopia, providing us with a possible strategy to deactivate Sade’s transgressive apparatuses, demonstrating the victims and the indoctrinated’s form-of-life. My argument is that there are two ways for the biopolitical beings in Cleland’s and Sade’s works to practice their existence respectively. In Cleland’s erotica, the biopolitical beings subjectivate themselves through the technologies of the self, manifesting their norm of life; while in Sade’s pornotopia, besides using sovereign power to destroy the Ancient Regime, the victims and the indoctrinated deactivate Sade’s apparatuses through the inoperative technologies of the self, signifying their form-of-life. There are five chapters in this dissertation. “Introduction” explains the relation among sex and biopolitics in the age of the Enlightenment, emphasizing my concern on sexual biopolitics. Chapter 1 discusses three facets of sexual biopolitics in Cleland’s erotica: body in space and gaze, reflection of voice, and taste in sociopolitical construction. Chapter 2 explicates four dimensions of sexual biopolitics in Sade’s pornotopia: atheistic norm against sociopolitical mechanism, sexual utopia in space, voice in virtue of vice, and gaze in destructive Nature. Chapter 3 synthesizes Cleland’s and Sade’s oeuvre, highlighting the notion of the biopolitical beings in space, gaze, voice, and sociopolitical apparatuses. By using Foucault’s technologies of the self and Esposito’s norm of life, chapter 4 enunciates three processes of subjectivation for Cleland’s biopolitical beings: prereflexive being, reflexive practice, and reconstruction of the self. Based on Bataille’s sovereign power, Sade’s biopolitical beings destroy the Ancient Regime by transgressing any norms. However, chapter 5 investigates three practices of Agamben’s form-of-life for the victims and the indoctrinated to unwork Sade’s sovereign power: flight, suspension, and deactivation. To conclude, sexual biopolitics in Cleland’s and Sade’s erotic writings in the age of the Enlightenment opens a possible thought to think our way of life for the coming era.