- 學位論文
尋找新共和： 「中華民國第二共和」之論述及探索
Pursuing the New Republic: The Discourses and exploration of "Second Republic of the Republic of China”
摘要
十九世紀末期以後，西方共和主義與民主制度的思想逐漸傳入中國，1911年爆發的「辛亥革命」推翻了清朝，建立了亞洲第一個民主共和國「中華民國」，中國從此正式進入共和時代，也被稱為「中華民國第一共和」。 然而自從1949年兩岸分治、中華民國政府遷台以來，原本統治全中國的「中華民國」在台灣的主權狀態及其憲政體制是一個備受爭議的話題。由於國際局勢的變遷，加上台灣內部的「本土化」政治思潮及爭取民主的「黨外」運動興起，中華民國在對內的憲政層次與對外的國際法層次上都創造了一個極其獨特的國家／政治實體的例子，此例的性質不僅是法律的，而且更具政治性。 在1980年代末期一連串的政治工程開啟了中華民國的「台灣化」以及「民主化」。1990年代的多次修憲並制定〈憲法增修條文〉，將原本涵蓋全中國的《中華民國憲法》及其憲政體制逐漸調整為適合一個以台澎金馬為主體的政權。日本學者若林正丈則以「脫內戰化」及「中華民國台灣化」來概括這些政治工程，並在修憲完成後，台灣政權已經發生了本質上的改變，與中國大陸的民意已經無關，認為在台灣的中華民國已經進入「中華民國第二共和」。然而，使用「中華民國第二共和」的論述相當多，使用方式與背景脈絡也各有不同。 本文通過回顧各方對於「中華民國第二共和」概念與論述的來源，著重分析與歸納「中華民國第二共和」的概念與用途。它還試圖釐清世界各國的「共和分期」方式與進程，並分析一系列歷史事件與憲政理論之間的相互作用如何影響中華民國的「憲政體制」與「政治共同體」發展。 本文認為，不僅「中華民國第一共和」的法統至今仍然存在，〈中華民國第二共和憲法草案〉也已經錯過了它最好的政治時機，從而無法再次創造我國憲政體制的「憲法時刻」。然而，「中華民國第二共和」的概念與政策框架仍然對高度分歧的台灣社會與朝野政黨有參考價值，「尋找新共和」可能會是使中華民國與台灣重新凝聚和解，也使海峽兩岸找到合一政治秩序的出路。
並列摘要
The ideas of Western republicanism and democracy were gradually introduced to China since the end of the nineteen centuries. The "Xinhai Revolution" that broke out in 1911 overthrow the Qing Dynasty and established the "Republic of China," the first democratic republic in East Asia. Since then, China has officially entered the Republic period in its history, and It is called the "First Republic of the Republic of China." The sovereignty and constitutional system of the "Republic of China" that once ruled the whole of China before, now in Taiwan, is a controversial topic since the Chinese Civil War and the ROC government moved to Taiwan in 1949. Due to the changes in the international political pattern and the rising of both the "localization" political trend and the opposition movement for democracy within Taiwan, the Republic of China has created a unique example at the internal level of constitutionalism and external level of international law, and the nature of the case is not only jural but also more political. A series of political reforms in the late 1980s opened up the “Taiwanization” and “democratization” of the ROC. In the 1990s, the Constitution was amended several times, and the Additional Articles of the Constitution of the ROC were enacted. The Constitution of the ROC, which initially covered the whole of China, and its constitutional system were gradually adjusted to suit a regime with Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu as the main body. The Japanese scholar, Masahiro Wakabayashi, summed up these political projects with "detaching from the civil war" and "Taiwanization of the ROC." After the completion of the constitutional revision, the ROC regime has undergone an essential change, and it has nothing to do with the public of mainland China anymore. The Republic of China on Taiwan has entered the period called "Second Republic of the ROC." There are, however, quite a few discussions on the usage of the Second Republic of the ROC, and those usage patterns and contexts are also different from each other. This paper focuses on analyzing and generalizing the concept and usage of the "Second Republic of the Republic of China" by reviewing the sources of the concept and discussion of the "Second Republic of ROC." It also attempts to clarify the way and processes that "divided the period of the Republics" around the countries, and analyzes how the interaction between a series of historical events and constitutional theory affects the development of the "constitutional system" and "political community" of the ROC. As concluded, this thesis finds out that not only the legal tradition and political legitimacy of the "First Republic of the Republic of China" still exists but the "Second Republic of the ROC Constitution" has also missed its best political opportunity in the 90s; thus it lost the chance to re-create the "constitutional moment" of our constitutional system. However, the concept and policy framework of the "Second Republic of the ROC" is still of reference value to the highly divergent Taiwanese society and both the ruling and opposition party. "Pursuing the New Republic" may be the best possibility to reunite the Republic of China and Taiwan, and to find the way out for a better political order on both sides across straits