- 學位論文
華人文化中之脈絡性普遍主義：情境故事法分析取向
The Contextualized Universalism of Chinese Culture：The Scenario Study Approach
摘要
過去相關研究發現，外在脈絡、特別是關係脈絡，對於華人道德判斷有重要影響。然而，這樣的特色也引發出一個疑問，即強調關係特殊性的華人文化，能否發展出Kohlberg道德發展階段論中的普遍性思維？對此本文認為，過去研究多半聚焦在華人道德判斷的外在表層現象，卻未檢驗其內在深層結構，因此才會出現上述爭議。為了說明這個問題，本文援引「脈絡性普遍主義」作為整合性概念架構，主張道德判斷歷程之前階段「外在多元脈絡」引發情感作用，進而產生直覺判斷，但在後階段「內在一元原則」，個體可透過理性反思，檢驗道德原則之普遍性。換言之，個體雖然會依照外在脈絡採取不同判斷傾向，內在仍能以普遍性原則作為基礎進行推論。基於以上論述，本文一共進行四個研究，研究一以質性訪談方式，分析參與者在四項指標中之回答內容，結果發現事件外在脈絡的程度高低以及種類，會影響參與者所採取的倫理學判斷傾向。研究二至研究四則進一步以量化方式，比較參與者對於不同情境脈絡故事的判斷差異與考量因素，結果發現，大學教育程度以上之華人參與者會依照外在脈絡而採取不同的判斷原則，其中又以關係脈絡最具影響性，但另一方面，其內在同時亦可通過普遍性原則檢驗。由此可知，「脈絡性普遍主義」概念可以作為華人道德判斷的解釋架構，其中「普遍性原則」來自康德義務論，與Kohlberg道德發展階段論之高階段預設相符，故可用於說明華人參與者判斷時的普遍性思維原則。
並列摘要
It was discovered the previous related research of Chinese moral Judgment, the external context, especially the relational contexts, containing a significant influence on Chinese moral Judgment. In the meantime, it also triggers to emphasize the special relationalism in Chinese cultural. Whether it can approach the problem of the universal ethical principle orientation indicated in Kohlberg's stages of moral development. This study acknowledges that most of the previous researches focus on the external phenomenon of Chinese moral Judgment, but did not investigate its internal structure. So, the above-said controversial theories occur. This study cites contextualized Universalism as the integral and conceptual structure. Declaring the early stage of moral Judgment: multiple contexts will create emotional reaction, then creates the intuitive judgment. But in the later stage of structural principle, the individual can react through critical thinking, examining the popularity of the moral Judgment. In other words, individuals will adopt different judgment tendencies in according with the external context. Internally it still can utilize the universal principles as the foundation. Based on the above-mentioned inference, this research proceeded with four studies. The first study was conducted in the form of substantive interviews. After analyzing the participants four indicators content, it is found that the degree and type of the external context of the facts will affect the participants’ Ethics judgment tendency. The second study to the fourth study have been advanced by using the quantitative format. Comparing the participants' judgmental differences and consideration factors under different situational context scenarios. It was detected that the Chinese participants with college degree or higher education level would take different judgmental principles according to the external context, among which the relational contexts are the most influential. On the other hand, it could also be tested by the principle of universality. It is obvious the concept of contextualized Universalism can be used as the interpretation of Chinese moral judgment structure. In which the universal principles are originated from the Kantian Ethics. It matches the pre-set high level moral development evolution. Therefore, it is explanatory Chinese participants’ made judgments by using the universal thinking philosophy.