禽舍模組化環控系統之研究

傳統禽畜飼養都為開放式生產系統，極易接觸到感染禽流感的候鳥而造成禽隻大量死亡。改以密閉式禽舍飼養具有良好生物安全性特點外，亦能透過環境控制設備，提供穩定的生長環境。然禽畜生產者欲強化生物安全防護工作時，仍面臨到缺工、人員老齡化及成本增加等問題。且現行畜禽舍，環境感測資訊仍以人工謄寫或有線傳輸為主，佈線更改不易、維修所需要之專業需求也較高；環境控制設備多以人員至現場手動控制，因此有必要設計自動化控制系統。環境控制系統含控制單元及感測單元等，以可程式邏輯控制器整合人機介面，控制環控系統設備，包含通風系統、水簾系統、細霧系統、照明系統及保溫系統，給予水禽一個穩定的生長環境，並結合生產系統設備，建立養鴨自動化模組化系統。針對畜禽環境，本研究研發一套穩定度高、精準度高之無線感測器模組，可依使用者需求搭配感測器方案，如溫度計、相對濕度計、照度計、風速計、二氧化碳濃度計及氨氣濃度計，提供多感測器節點之預算管理及客製化設計。本研究環境控制系統建置於宜蘭分所密閉式禽舍以進行實驗，該無線感測器模組測試與運作一年，確立其耐候能力，模組有效平均傳輸率達99.88 %，能穩定地蒐集環境資訊，予以作為環境控制參照因子。以飼養者經驗與文獻探討控制環控設備，包括水簾系統、細霧系統及強制通風，探討三者之降溫系統性能。而環境控制系統模式，採用複合環境因子控制及細霧間歇式時間設定控制。結果顯示以水簾系統降溫效果最佳，當舍外溫度34.1 ℃，相對濕度62.0 %，對照空氣濕線圖，乾濕球溫度差為6.3 ℃；舍內實際降溫度數為6.0 ℃。若開啟循環風扇及細霧系統時飼養區域內溫度梯度能降低至0.3 °C，使環境更加均勻。最後，因應畜禽舍之管理效益，所設計環境控制系統，可供遠端監控，操作人員能即時了解現場設備作動情形，做適當控制。並透過使用者介面即時查看環境資訊，降低人員進出所衍生之污染風險，達到更有系統之控制。

關鍵字

蛋鴨；環境控制系統；無線感測器；模組化

並列摘要

Traditionally, open-type livestock production systems were widely used in Taiwan. However, it might easily cause poultry to mass death due to infectious avian influenza carried by migratory birds. Nowadays, the management of poultry production has been changed from open-type to close-type. Not only the need for biosafety is satisfied, but also a stable environment is provided by environmental control system. Poultry producers want to strengthen biosafety protection, but they are still facing problems such as labor shortage, aging workforce, and increased costs. In the current poultry house, the transmission of environmental sensing information is still mainly relied on manual transcription or wired transmission system. The wiring changes are not easy, and the professional requirements for maintenance are also high. The environmental control equipment is mostly controlled manually. Therefore, it is necessary to design an automatic control system. The environmental control system includes a control unit and a sensing unit. The system integrates the human machine interface (HMI) with the programmable logic controller (PLC) to operate the environment control system, including ventilation system, fan-and-pad system, fogging system, illumination system and insulation system. It gives the waterfowl a stable environment to grow, and combines the feeding system to establish the modular automation system. The wireless sensor module is optimized with its stability and precision in the observation of livestock environment. The wireless sensor module can meet user’s requirements with sensor solution, such as a thermometer, a relative humidity meter, a photo sensor, an anemometer, a carbon dioxide meter and ammonia meter with budget consideration and customized design of multi-sensor nodes. The environmental control system of this research was installed at a closed poultry house in Yilan. The wireless sensor module was tested and operated for one year to establish weather resistance. The module's effective average transmission rate reached 99.88 %, which can stably collect environmental information. It is used as reference factors for environmental controls. According to the breeder experience and the literature review, the environmental control system is controlled under the fan-and-pad system, fogging system and forced ventilation system to study the performance of cooling systems. The environmental control system mode uses composite environmental factors control and intermittent time-set technique by fogging system control. The results of the fan-and-pad system showed that the cooling effect was the best. When the outdoor temperature was 34.1 °C and the relative humidity was 62.0 %, referring to Psychrometric Chart, the wet-bulb difference was 6.3 °C and the actual indoor temperature was decreased by 6.0 °C. When the circulating fan and fogging system were turned on, the temperature gradient can be reduced to 0.3 °C and made the environment more uniform in the breeding zone. Finally, in response to the management benefits of the poultry house, the designed environmental control system can be remotely monitored. The operator can instantly understand the situation of the field equipment and make appropriate control. Since the user interface instantly displays environment status, the risk of pollution caused by personnel can be much avoided which leads to a more precise and better systematic control.