- 學位論文
高滲透率再生能源下的電網級儲能系統配置最佳化與效益評估
Optimizing and evaluating the deployment of grid-scale energy storage systems with high-penetration renewable energy
摘要
近年全球風力發電與太陽光電的裝置容量扶搖直上。然而，此二種再生能源發電的間歇性、不確定性將隨裝置容量的提高，增加電力系統維運操作的困難。為此，如何使再生能源出力平滑化、因應淨負載的快速波動成為眾所矚目的議題。此外，基於減緩氣候變遷的全球浪潮和碳權交易市場的興起，臺灣將於《溫室氣體減量及管理法》修法時加入碳定價機制的相關條文。因此，碳價水準的定奪亦備受關切。 本研究考量工程技術、經濟、政策及環境面之決策因子，整合各式能源與儲能系統操作的諸多限制條件，建構一套高時間解析度的能源整合規劃最佳化模型，以發電內部成本和能源外部成本總和最小化為目標，模擬未來再生能源發電佔比和滲透率的逐漸提高，對於電力系統維運操作的影響，藉此評估電網級儲能系統的最適配置組合，以及衍生的衝擊和效益。最後，亦透過碳定價的變動，探討不同的碳價水準對於電力系統低碳化及能源外部性改善的影響程度。 針對電網級儲能系統的配置組合，本研究結果顯示當再生能源佔比不夠高時，建議選擇能量－功率比較小的鎳鈷鋁酸鋰離子電池；而當再生能源大幅影響電力系統淨負載，甚至出現淨負載小於零的情況，儲能系統的功率需求便會大量增加。在電力資源分配方面，電網級儲能系統的設置能夠提供負載平移的服務，益於減少火力發電機組頻繁升降載與再生能源整合管理。關於電力成本的變化，設置電網級儲能系統固然會增加設備建置與維運的成本，但同時亦可透過減少火力發電升降載操作和再生能源降載，降低均化電力成本0.40~2.22 %。至於能源外部性，電網級儲能系統的適當配置可減少再生能源降載率至多約6%，有其環境效益。 研究結果亦顯示，為降低發電成本而增加燃煤發電，會造成部分溫室氣體與空氣污染物增量排放，但以環境衝擊管理的角度而言，各物質的排放消長於衝擊量化和貨幣化後顯示，決策者只要嚴加控管衝擊主要貢獻物質，便能同時降低能源外部性和電力成本。最後，雖然高碳價會增加發電成本，但卻能促進電力部門低碳化並降低能源外部性。未來若可將碳價訂於65~75 USD/t CO2 e，將有利於加速能源轉型，改善人居環境品質，並提升臺灣產業未來的國際競爭力。
並列摘要
The worldwide installed capacities of wind power and solar photovoltaic systems have been rising for a few years. The intermittency and uncertainty of these renewable resources cause difficulties in power system maintenance and operation. Therefore, smoothing the output of intermittent renewable sources and tackling the great variation of net load have been significant issues. Furthermore, owing to the global climate actions and the emergence of the carbon market, the Taiwan government is planning to revise the “Greenhouse Gas Reduction and Management Act” and include provisions for the carbon pricing mechanism, in which carbon price level has become a concern. This study constructed a high time-resolution integrated energy optimization model to simulate the influences of the energy share and high-penetration renewables on power system operation. The objective of the developed model was to minimize the internal and external costs of electricity generation, considering decision-making factors in terms of technology, economy, national policy, and environment. The optimal configuration of grid-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) was appraised, so were the derived benefits and impacts. Ultimately, different carbon prices were modeled to assess its effects on power system decarbonization and the reduction of energy externalities. The result indicated that the lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxides battery with a low energy-to-power ratio was recommended when the contribution of intermittent renewable energy were not too high. When the net load fluctuated dramatically and even became negative due to the increasing renewable energy supply, the energy capacity demand of ESSs rose apparently. In the aspect of dispatch of electricity, the outcomes of the optimization model revealed that grid-scale storage systems are capable of providing the load shifting service, which is beneficial to reduce the ramping requirement of fossil fuel power plants and to integrate renewable energy. When it came to the cost of electricity, the deployment of grid-scale ESSs would increase the fixed cost and the cost of operation and maintenance. Nevertheless, it can lower the levelized cost of electricity by 0.40~2.22 % by reducing the frequency and the amplitude of ramping operation of fossil fuel power plants and by preventing the curtailment of renewable energy. As far as the externalities of energy were concerned, the optimal configuration of grid-scale ESSs cut down on the curtailment rate of renewable energy by 6 % at most, bringing about environmental benefits. The result of the simulation demonstrated that the increase in coal-fired power generation aiming at reducing the total cost would result in the incremental emissions of some greenhouse gases and air pollutants. However, from the perspective of environmental impact assessment, the monetization results of greenhouse gases and air pollutants indicated that the externalities of energy and the total cost of power generation could be simultaneously reduced as long as the policymakers strictly supervised the prominent source of impact. Last but not least, although a high carbon price would result in the increment of cost of electricity, it facilitated the decarbonization of the energy sector and the decrease of externalities of energy. If a carbon price of 65~75 USD/t CO2 e is adopted in the future, it will contribute to the energy transition, the improvement of the residential environment quality, and the enhancement of the international competitiveness of Taiwanese industries in the overseas market.