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  • 學位論文

揮發性麻醉氣體於不同麻醉深度下對於手術後噁心嘔吐之影響

Effects of Depth of Anesthesia Under Volatile Anesthetics on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

指導教授 : 范守仁

摘要


手術後噁心嘔吐是臨床麻醉上的重要課題,平均發生率高達三成,而且常給患者帶來不愉快的感覺,甚至還會引起某些併發症。因此有許多的研究者努力地想要找出手術後噁心嘔吐的原因和預防的方法。從生理學的角度來看,包括血液中毒素或藥物的刺激、經由迷走神經傳導的腸胃道刺激、或是經由前庭神經傳導的移動刺激、甚至情緒的刺激都有可能引起嘔吐中樞的活化。但是真正的生理機制到目前為止還沒有完全被了解。因此,目前關於手術後噁心嘔吐的研究大多數只能從臨床上來著手。已經有研究結果可以證明某些因素像是女性、手術後噁心嘔吐的經驗、不吸煙、揮發性氣體麻醉劑、笑氣和嗎啡類止痛劑等,都是會提高手術後噁心嘔吐發生率的原因。也有些因素像是體重或是氧氣濃度的高低則已經被證實是不會影響手術後噁心嘔吐的。但是最多的一類則是一些因為在不同研究中出現不一致的結果,以致於只能被歸類為有可能但是不確定的因素,像是偏頭痛、焦慮的程度、以及某些手術的方式等等。而 Nelskylä 在2001年發表的研究結果中提到,對於婦科手術的病人使用雙頻譜腦波指數 (BIS) 來調整麻醉藥物的使用,可以減少第二階段恢復期的嘔吐發生率,而且差別高達百分之六十。如果使用 BIS 可以減少手術後噁心嘔吐的發生率的話,則可以用來預防手術後噁心嘔吐的方法就又多了一種。而且麻醉深度變化和手術後噁心嘔吐的關係就成為值得探討的課題了。 BIS 是利用從前額部位取得的腦波訊號,經過複雜的計算之後轉換成0到100的數字,不同的數字區間分別代表清醒或者是不同程度的鎮靜或麻醉狀態。研究的結果認為應用 BIS 可以減少麻醉藥物的使用量、縮短麻醉後恢復的時間、甚至可以減少麻醉中醒覺的發生。但是使用 BIS 可以減少手術後噁心嘔吐的發生率,目前只有很少的研究有提到。所以我們希望能證明使用 BIS 可以減少手術後噁心嘔吐的現象真的是由麻醉深度的不同所引起的,而且我們希望知道麻醉深度的不同對於手術後噁心嘔吐發生率的影響有多大。因此我們的研究假說是:麻醉深度可能會影響手術後噁心嘔吐的發生率,而且麻醉深度越深則手術後噁心嘔吐的發生率越高。所以,當我們將麻醉深度控制在不同的深度時,應該可以看到手術後噁心嘔吐的發生率會有明顯的不同。 我們的研究設計是一個前瞻性有控制組的隨機試驗。在倫理委員會通過我們的研究計畫之後,我們以住院進行常規婦科手術的病人為對象,總共62人以抽籤的方式將研究對象分成兩組。研究組屬於深度麻醉組,麻醉深度控制在 BIS 值30到40的區間。而對照組為適中麻醉組,麻醉深度維持在 BIS 值50到60的區間。所有的患者在麻醉前並未給予任何藥物,在麻醉誘導之前會先紀錄基礎的血壓、心跳、血氧飽和度、以及 BIS 數值。麻醉誘導是使用 thiamylal 和 fentanyl,並給予 rocuronium 來幫助插管,置入氣管內管之後以揮發性氣體麻醉劑 sevoflurane維持麻醉,當傷口縫合到最後一針時才完全關掉 sevoflurane。當患者能自行呼吸而且可維持足夠的潮氣量,同時能夠自行睜開眼睛或是聽到本人之姓名時能有適當之反應時才移除氣管內管,然後送至恢復室接受照顧。在恢復室停留一小時之後由護理人員詢問患者是否出現噁心嘔吐之現象,並將結果記錄下來。恢復室外發生的噁心嘔吐則在手術後第二天由麻醉後訪視人員詢問患者在離開恢復室之後是否發生噁心或嘔吐的情形,然後記錄在研究紀錄單上。統計的方法是使用 Stata 8.0 統計軟體,對於數值變項採用 Student’s t-test,對於序位變項則使用卡方檢定。 研究結果顯示在研究組和對照組之間無論是年齡、體重、BMI、麻醉時間、拔管時間都沒有明顯的差異。在麻醉藥物的使用量方面,研究組 (深度麻醉組) 在氣體麻醉劑的使用量上明顯的高於對照組 (適中麻醉組),這是符合麻醉深度與藥物使用量的關係。而影響手術後噁心嘔吐的重要風險因子,無論是吸煙的比例、手術後嗎啡類止痛劑的使用、以及過去是否有手術後噁心嘔吐或暈車的經驗在兩組之間都沒有明顯的差別。在手術後噁心嘔吐的發生率方面,雖然統計上的差異並不顯著,但是麻醉較深的研究組似乎是低於對照組 (38.7%比54.8%),而這和我們的研究假說正好相反。因此我們進一步分析兩組之間的差異,發現使用腹腔鏡手術的比例研究組低於控制組 (32.3%比54.8%)。於是我們將兩組內腹腔鏡手術和非腹腔鏡手術的族群分開來看,在研究組內接受腹腔鏡手術的族群其手術後嘔吐的發生率是30%,明顯的高於非腹腔鏡手術的4.8%。而且在對照組方面也是腹腔鏡手術族群在病房中發生噁心或嘔吐的機率都比非腹腔鏡手術略高。因此,接受腹腔鏡手術的族群似乎比較容易在病房中發生手術後的噁心嘔吐。為了看出麻醉深度對於手術後噁心嘔吐真正的影響,於是我們再各自比較接受腹腔手術和非腹腔鏡手術兩組中麻醉深度對於手術後噁心嘔吐的影響。我們看到在非腹腔鏡手術中,研究組和對照組的手術後噁心嘔吐發生率差不多。但是在接受腹腔鏡手術的族群中,則是研究組手術後噁心嘔吐的發生率比對照組略少,統計上雖然沒有顯著的差異,但是臨床上似乎有這樣的趨勢。 我們的發現是麻醉深度的差異對於手術後噁心嘔吐的影響似乎並不像 Nelskylä 的結果那麼明顯,反而比較符合 Liu 的說法:BIS 雖然可以減少麻醉藥物的使用量,但是減少手術後噁心嘔吐的程度並不多。加上我們並未使用笑氣麻醉,又減少了整體手術後噁心嘔吐的發生率,可能因而讓麻醉深度的差異對於手術後噁心嘔吐的影響又更不明顯。倒是我們發現腹腔鏡手術似乎會增加手術後噁心嘔吐的發生率,雖然在文獻上這一項因素尚未被證實,但是在我們的研究資料中,對照組裡面接受腹腔鏡手術的患者在病房中發生手術後噁心嘔吐的比例似乎是偏高的。而且在接受腹腔鏡手術的族群中發生手術後噁心的機率似乎是研究組略少於對照組,這在目前的文獻上並沒有類似的結果。不過由於統計上的差異並不顯著,而且我們的樣本數少,所以我們也不能排除是取樣時產生的誤差。因此,我們的結論是在沒有合併使用笑氣的 sevoflurane 麻醉下,麻醉深度對於手術後噁心嘔吐的影響並不明顯。而使用腹腔鏡手術有可能會增加手術後噁心嘔吐的發生率,同時在腹腔鏡手術中較深的麻醉反而可能會減少手術後噁心嘔吐的發生,這都是值得將來進一步研究的課題。

並列摘要


Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most frequent side effects after general anesthesia, occurring in about 30% of unselected inpatients during the twenty-four hours after emergence. Mostly patients consider PONV is so unpleasant. Although PONV is almost always self-limiting and non-fatal, it can cause significant morbidity. However, current understanding of risk factors for PONV is incomplete, in part because much remains to be elucidated about the pathophysiology of these symptoms. Well-established risk factors include female gender, history of PONV or motion sickness, nonsmoking status, postoperative opioids, volatile anesthetics, et al. A recent study of Nelskylä had indicated that titration of sevoflurane administration using bispectral index (BIS) monitoring decreases the incidence of postoperative vomiting on phase II recovery. It has elicited our interest to study the relationship between depth of anesthesia and PONV. Our hypothesis is that: depth of anesthesia is one of the risk factor of PONV, and deeper depth of anesthesia will results in the higher incidence of PONV. After the ethics committee of our hospital approved the study protocol, 62 women scheduled for elective inpatient gynecological procedures were studied using a prospective, randomized, controlled study design. After thiamylal induction, anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane. Sevoflurane was titrated to maintain the BIS between 30 and 40 during surgery in the study (deeper anesthesia) group and BIS between 50 and 60 in the control (optimized anesthesia) group. Early PONV was acquired by asking the patients at PACU one hour after arrival. Late PONV was acquired by visiting the patient at bedside the next day after surgery. Statistical analyses were performed by Stata 8.0 computer software. Parametric variables were tested by Student’s t-test, and non-parametric variables were tested by Chi-square test. Patient characteristics and risk factors showed no significant differences between groups. Drug consumption was 35% higher in study group. There was no significant difference between the groups in the incidences of PONV. However, it showed less PONV in the study group (38.7% versus 54.8%). It’s very different with previous studies and on the contrary of our hypothesis. Then we found that laparoscopic assisted surgery was less common in the study group (32.3% versus 54.8%). And PONV incidence was somewhat higher in laparoscopic group (64.7% versus 42.9% in control group). In order to know the true effects of depth of anesthesia on PONV incidence between different surgical procedures, we compare the incidences of PONV between study and control group under laparoscopic and non-laparoscopic surgery separately. It seemed that less patients had PONV in the study group (40% versus 64.7%) when patients received laparoscopic surgery. We found that PONV incidences were not significantly different between different depth of anesthesia. This result is different with that of Nelskylä’s study. Our result is similar to that of a meta-analysis of Liu, in which it concluded that use of BIS monitoring only modestly to marginally reduced anesthetic consumption, risk of nausea and vomiting, and recovery room time. Avoidance of nitrous oxide in the gas mixture for anesthesia decreases the incidence of PONV has been proved. This may partly explained our results of no significant difference of PONV incidences between control and study groups. Although laparoscopic surgery as a risk factor of PONV is not well-established, it may be one of the reasons of our negative results. And we found that deeper anesthesia may be protective for PONV in laparoscopic surgery group. There were no similar results in previous studies. Because of the small sample size and little difference, sampling error may be the possible explanation for this unusual result. However further study in the future is suggested for the potential benefit of deep anesthesia. In conclusion, the effect of depth of anesthesia on PONV is not significant in patients receiving sevoflurane anesthesia without nitrous oxide. Laparoscopic surgery may be a risk factor of PONV. Deeper anesthesia may be beneficial for the inpatients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery under sevoflurane anesthesia without nitrous oxide.

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