- 學位論文
探討橫膈膜及呼吸對肩膀運動學和周邊肌肉活性的影響
Influence of diaphragm and breathing on shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity
摘要
研究背景: 現今臨床上，橫膈式呼吸訓練已被廣泛應用在不同族群，但目前研究僅證明橫膈膜之功能和下背痛的發生較為相關，和其他部位的疼痛之關係則較無著墨，過去研究指出橫膈膜的呼吸功能下降時，呼吸輔助肌會提高活性來達到相同換氣量，而呼吸輔助肌在解剖上直接/間接的連接到肩帶，過度活化可能影響肩胛周邊肌群活性和肩胛骨運動學。另一個橫膈膜可以影響肩帶的途徑為姿勢穩定功能，身為核心穩定肌群的一部分，橫膈膜能影響腹內壓的穩定，若橫膈膜功能下降造成核心不穩定，是否會透過動力鍊對肩關節穩定度及其運動學造成影響仍有待研究。 研究目的: 此研究的目的包括(1)探討在三種呼吸情境下舉手，肩胛骨運動學和肩胛周邊肌群活化之差異，(2) 探討挑戰橫膈膜功能後，對健康成年人在舉手時的肩胛骨運動學、肩胛周邊肌群活化之影響。 研究設計: 本研究為橫斷式研究 研究對象: 本研究將招募30位健康成年人 研究方法: 本實驗將會先進行橫膈膜超音和核心穩定度測試的測量，接著進入主要測試，本研究會設計三種呼吸情境，包含安靜呼吸、吸飽氣後憋氣以及吐氣到底後憋氣，在不同的呼吸情境下做啞鈴負重舉手，收取肩胛骨運動學和肩胛周邊肌群肌電圖數據。主要測試結束後會休息30分鐘，接著讓受試者進行吸氣阻力任務來挑戰橫膈膜功能，結束後在安靜呼吸下再做一次主要測試，最後進行橫膈膜超音波和核心穩定測試的測量。 統計分析: 使用SPSS 22.0進行統計分析，將以重複量數二因子變異數分析去比較不同呼吸情境以及橫膈膜挑戰過後肩胛骨運動學和肌肉活性的差異，α值設在0.005。 結果: 和平靜呼吸相比，吸飽氣後憋氣在舉手任務中呈現顯著較高的肩胛骨上轉 (1.2-1.7度)和內轉(1.3度)，胸鎖乳突肌(1.0-1.2%)之肌肉活性也顯著提高；吐氣到底後憋氣在舉手任務則呈現肩胛骨內轉(1.1-5度)顯著下降，伴隨前鉅肌(3.0-5.8%)和下斜方肌(4.5%)之肌肉活性顯著提高以及胸鎖乳突肌之 (0.4-0.8%)肌肉活性顯著下降。除此之外，在吸氣阻力任務後的舉手任務呈現肩胛骨上轉(0.8-2.38度)顯著增加，相關肌肉活性和平靜呼吸時相比則無顯著差異。 結論: 在不同呼吸情境間，肩胛骨運動學和相關肌肉活性的差異可能源於肋腔直徑和胸椎動作的變化，若想在舉手任務時維持較理想的肩胛骨運動學，採用吸飽氣後憋氣可能會是一個較有效率的策略。除此之外，即使在吸氣阻力任務後觀察到肩胛骨上轉提升，高強度的呼吸訓練對肩胛骨運動學的效益仍需更多研究探討。
並列摘要
Background: Diaphragmatic breathing training is commonly applied on different population in clinical field. However, studies only proved the diaphragm function is associated with the occurrence of low back pain. Relationship between diaphragm function and shoulder pain is lack of evidence. Studies indicated that if the diaphragm’s breathing function impaired, breathing accessory muscles will increase activation to reach the same thoracic volume during inspiration. Breathing accessory muscles are direct or indirect attached to shoulder girdle, which may affect the shoulder kinematics and muscle activities around the scapula. Diaphragm may also influence shoulder function through its postural stabilization function. Diaphragm could modulate the intra-abdominal pressure as the superior part of core muscles, which can contribute to core stability. It requires further investigation to know if diaphragm stabilization function will affect the shoulder kinematics and stability through kinetic chain. Purpose: The purpose of this study were (1) to characterize the kinematics, and associated muscle activations of the scapula in 3 breathing conditions during arm elevation task, (2) to investigate the influence of diaphragm challenge on shoulder kinematics, and associated muscle activation during arm elevation in healthy adult. Design: This study was a cross-sectional study Participants: This study recruited 30 healthy adults Methods: The participants were assessed for maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax), diaphragm ultrasonography and core stability test at first, then the shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activation during weighted arm elevation in three breathing conditions were collected. Three breathing conditions included quiet breathing, breath-holding at the end of inspiration(Apnea-I) and breath-holding at the end of expiration (Apnea-E). There were 30-minutes rest after arm elevation task. After the rest, participants performed the inspiratory resistance loading protocol to challenge their diaphragm function, then the shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activation during weighted arm elevation in quiet breathing were collected after protocol. PImax, diaphragm ultrasonography and core stability test were assessed again at the end of experiment. Statistical analysis: 2-way repeated ANOVA was used to compare shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activation among 3 breathing conditions. 2-way repeated ANOVA was also used to investigate the influence of diaphragm challenge on the kinematics and muscle activation. Statistical analysis was calculated by using SPSS 22.0 with significant level set as 0.005 after the Bonferroni correction. Results: There was significant increase in scapular upward rotation (1.2-1.7 degree) and internal rotation (1.3 degree) accompanied with increased SCM (1.0-1.2%) muscle activities in Apnea-I condition compared to quiet breathing. Conversely, Apnea-E condition showed significant decrease in scapular internal rotation (1.1-5 degree) along with increase muscle activities in SA (3.0-5.8%) and LT (4.5%) as well as decrease activities in SCM (0.4-0.8%). In addition, increased scapular upward rotation (0.8-2.38 degree) was found after diaphragm challenge. Conclusion: The differences between scapular kinematics and muscle activities between Apnea-I and Apnea-E conditions may be resulted from different rib cage diameter and thoracic movement. We suggest breath-holding at the end of inspiration during arm elevation as a more effective strategy in order to maintain ideal scapula kinematics. Though increased scapular upward rotation was found after diaphragm challenge protocol, the clinical relevance of the effect of high intensity breathing training in scapular kinematics still require further research.