- 學位論文
後冷戰時期的中朝外交：關係、角色、認同
Sino-North Korea Diplomacy in Post Cold-War Era: Relations, Roles, and Identities
摘要
本研究旨在探討後冷戰時期中國和北韓之角色觀念的變化和彼此分歧，並解釋兩國關係「時而冷漠，時而友善」的過程。本文特別指出，在兩國角色觀念的變化當中，只要雙方可以扮演對方所期待的角色時，就能建立以互惠性為基礎的穩定關係。為證實這一點，本文分別探討三個方面：一是1990年代後冷戰初期中朝雙方在角色觀念上的分歧；二是2000年代胡錦濤-金正日時期的蜜月關係；三是習近平-金正恩時期從關係緊張到和解的變遷過程。三個階段主要的內容概括為如下： 首先，後冷戰初期在兩國的角色觀念分歧的主要因素，是雙方對未來國家發展模式的觀點不同：中國欲透過經濟發展確保共產黨的正當性，為此，積極履行國際社會所期待的角色，並對於作爲社會主義國家的角色觀念儘可能地低調，從而可以迅速進入世界大國；北韓則為穩定構建金正日世襲體制，故建構基於世襲認同的角色觀念。由於中國的對外指向性角色觀念和北韓的對內指向性角色觀念之間鴻溝非常大，兩國難以相互配合後冷戰時期彼此的期待，導致兩國關係陷入停滯。 接著，由於2000年代後期中朝角色觀念的劇變，因而引起兩國關係的重大發展。以環球金融海嘯的成功克服和北京奧運會的舉辦為契機，曾被國際社會的期待所掩蓋的中國，作為社會主義大國認同至此開始全面抬頭，中國推進了與美國及國際社會基調不同的政策，不繼續嚴守對北韓制裁，而改採經濟接觸。北韓方面也因爲金正日的健康狀態突然惡化，迫切地需要鞏固接班格局，故有必要獲得中國的經濟援助。其結果，在胡錦濤執政後期，中國和北韓雙方可以履行相互期待的角色，從而達到關係平衡局面。 最後，由於習近平推動的新型大國關係和金正恩追求的脫金正日化，兩國關係在短短的十年內先出現急速惡化，但是後來又快速改善。習近平時期中國的大國認同引發了追求與美國對等的強大願望，試圖建立新型大國關係，因此中國要展現出自己遵守無核化的國際規範，於是就在對朝核問題上堅持更強硬的態度。然而，突然繼承權力的金正恩，爲了彌補自己不足的領袖魅力，而決定推進以美國為對象的大膽核戰略，故兩國關係陷入低谷是必然的。不過，從2018年左右開始，韓國積極接近北韓，加上美中競爭格局激化等國際局勢的變動，促成中國積極改善與北韓的關係的動機。而另一方面，面臨與美國的雙邊協商上困難重重的北韓，也深切感受到需要中國的支持。於是，雙方重新成為彼此的「重要他者」。由於它們得以履行對方所期待的角色，中朝關係的互惠性總算再次得到恢復，兩國關係平衡的程度也逐漸深化。 在中朝關係的變化過程中，我們特別要關注的就是角色的相互主觀性與中朝兩國對關係導向的深度理解。兩國對彼此的角色觀念不是單方面的，而是相互構成的。因此，雙方透過呼籲、敦促、壓迫、甚至挑釁的方式，不斷地試圖改變對方的角色觀念。另外，即使北韓沒有表示意志配合中國的期待，因而雖有發生關係安全上的危機，但是中國的關係導向思考讓它克制自己，接受短期利益的讓步。中國在與北韓的關係中尋求的是作為關係穩定的長期利益。北韓也十分懂得關係平衡的邏輯，一邊利用中國的克制和讓步，壓迫中國接受自己的期待，但是另一邊，向中國表示尊重，行動謹慎，以免不踩中國在關係安全上設定的紅線。總而言之，中朝在關係平衡的框架裡，既扮演自己的角色，又影響對方的角色，不斷地探索關係的互惠性。在其過程中，它們的國家利益和目標也在關係裡面不斷地被調整。兩國關係的緊張與和解的一套過是，在關係平衡的認可下相互角色扮演的結果。
並列摘要
This thesis focuses on the changes of role conceptions between China and North Korea, and explains Sino-NK relation`s dynamic process, typically described as “sometimes indifferent, sometimes friendly.” Especially, this study emphasizes that Beijing and Pyongyang can reach stable relations only if they come to enact the roles that meet their counterpart`s expectation. In this regard, this article discusses three aspects of the Sino-NK relations: role conceptions` deviation from each other in 1990s, honeymoon in their relations in late 2000s, and the repeated cycles of friction and reconciliation under the Xi Jinping and Kim Jong-un era. They could be summarized as follows: First, the main factor that resulted in Sino-NK role conceptions` deviation from each other is that they had totally different point of view on the national development model. China wanted to ensure the legitimacy of the Communist Party through economic development. To do so, Beijing fulfilled the roles that met the international community`s expectation, and maintained half-hearted in taking the roles based on the socialist identity, thereby came to be a great power globally. However, Pyongyang threw an efforts on establishing Kim Jong-il`s hereditary monarchy, so its role conception was also attached on this. Since the gap between China`s external-orient role conception and North Korea`s internal-orient role conception was getting expanded, they could be less likely to enact the roles that met reciprocal expectation. As a result, the stalemate of Sino-NK relationship was inevitable. Second, the drastic change of their role conception in late 2000s brought about significant development in their relationship. Quickly overcoming global financial crisis, and successfully hosting Beijing Olympic games, China gradually disclosed socialist-great-power-identity driven role conception. It began to devise economic engagement policy toward North Korea that ran counter to the U.S. and international community. At that time, North Korea was hard pressed to setting up third generation succession since Kim Jong-il`s sudden illness, so it desperately needed China`s supports. Consequently, in late Hu Jintao era, two countries came to enact the roles that met counterpart`s expectation, which enabled the balance of relationship. Last, Xi Jinping`s New types of great power relations and Kim Jong-un`s anti-Kim Jung-il sentiment, made two states experienced severe tension and eventual reconciliation within ten years. Xi Jinping era`s great power identity triggered a strong desire to establish a new type of great power relationship with the U.S. In order to get positive response from Washington, China showed its attitude of complying de-nuclearization norms, adhered to a tough stance toward North Korea`s nuclear issues. However, Kim Jung-un, who suddenly inherited power, wanted to boldly maneuver nuclear policy against Washington, so as to make up his charisma. It was inevitable two countries had difficulty in maintaining friendly relations. However, South Korea`s approach toward its North counterpart and Sino-U.S. strategic competition became motivation for actively improving relations with Pyongyang. Since North Korea also faced with stalemate in its denuclearization negotiation with the U.S., it deeply felt the need for China`s support again. As a result, North Korea became China`s significant other, and vice versa. As they were able to fulfill the role expected by other, the reciprocity of the Sino-NK relationship was finally restored, and the degree of balance of relationship was gradually deepened. In the process of changes in Sino-North Korea relations, it is important to pay attention to the inter-subjectivity of the roles and the two countries` deep understanding of the balance of relationship. Their role conceptions are not unilateral, but are mutually constituted. Therefore, the two parties constantly try to change the other party's role conceptions through appealing to, urging on, oppressing, and even provocating the other. In addition, even when North Korea did not show its will to accept China`s expectation on its behavior, Beijing`s relation-oriented thinking make it refrain from using power, accept its short-term interests, no matter how it causes threat to its relational security. What China pursues in the relation of hermit kingdom is stable relations as of long-term interest. Since North Korea also has deep understanding about the logic of balance of relationship, it cunningly capitalizes on China`s self-restraint and concession and sometimes even oppress Beijing to fulfill Pyongyang`s expectation. However, it never forgets to show deference to China in order not to step on the red line that could genuinely provoke its big neighbor. In sum, within the framework of the balance of relationship, China and North Korea play their roles and try to influence each other`s role conception. By doing so, they keep seeking the reciprocity in their relationship, and within this relational context, their interests and goals are mediated as well. After all, we can make conclusion that the tension and reconciliation in the relationship between the two countries is the result of mutual role-playing under the recognition of a balance of relationship.