多元接觸下的馬來西亞北部閩南語及其發展

北馬閩南語指馬來西亞北部涵蓋玻璃市、吉打、檳城、以及北霹靂所通用的閩南語。本文主要關注三個焦點：北馬閩南語中顯著馬來成分的來源及形成過程；北馬閩南語一字多讀的來源及形成過程；華語如何影響北馬閩南語的語勢。第二章討論馬來和峇峇文化在北馬閩南語的遺留。馬來詞彙以語音匹配方式進入閩南語，詞彙音節按閩南語的語音系統進行調整並被賦予聲調。由於馬來語有標準語、馬來方言以及峇峇馬來語的不同，本文通過對比判斷北馬閩南語中的馬來詞彙有兩個來源。此外，馬來語的語法同樣影響了閩南語，在北馬閩南語的語法結構中留下遺痕。第三章探討漳泉方言接觸給北馬閩南語帶來一字多讀的語音現象。通過觀察北馬閩南語使用者在23個漳、泉有別的音類中的語音表現，可知異讀音是閩南次方言在接觸過程中發生語音疊置替換以及結構協合的結果。第四章分析華語在20世紀下半葉發展成為各方言群的共同語後，對北馬閩南語的語勢所帶來的影響。問卷調查結果顯示北馬閩南語的通用性降低、語言活力逐漸下降，以北馬閩南語為母語和第二語言的人口開始萎縮，加上沒有豐富的語言積澱，北馬閩南語的語勢逐漸減弱，目前正經歷語言轉換的過程。本文藉由多元接觸的角度來了解北馬閩南語的形成、發展及演變，同時也給北馬閩南語一個更明確的定位。

關鍵字

北馬閩南語；多元接觸；語言接觸；語言演變；語勢

並列摘要

Northern Malaysian Hokkien refers to the Southern-Min dialect spoken in the northern part of Malaysia covering the area of Perlis, Kedah, Penang and northern Perak. This research focuses on three aspects of this dialect: the source and formation processes of the Malay components in Northern Malaysian Hokkien, the source and formation processes of multi-pronunciation in Northern Malaysian Hokkien, and how Mandarin influences the language potential of Northern Malaysian Hokkien. The second chapter discusses the influences of Malay and Baba culture on Northern Malaysian Hokkien. The Malay vocabulary entered Southern Min dialect by means of phonetic matching. The lexical syllables are adapted to the phonemic and tone system of the Southern Min dialect. The Malay language differentiates between standard language, Malay dialects, and Baba Malay. This paper points out that there are two sources of Malay composition. In addition, the Malay grammar had also affected Southern Min dialect and left traces in the grammatical structure of Northern Malaysian Hokkien. The third chapter points out that the contact between Zhangzhou and Quanzhou Hokkien has brought about the multi-pronunciation phenomenon. Observation from the phonological performances of Northern Malaysian Hokkien speakers shows that the discordant sounds are result of speech superposition substitution and structural conspiracy in the sub-dialects contact. The fourth chapter analyzes the impact of Mandarin, which has developed into the lingua franca among different dialect groups during the second half of the 20th century on the language potential of Northern Malaysian Hokkien. Survey results show that the vitality of Northern Malaysian Hokkien has declined and the linguistic universality has decreased, with a shrunk in the number of speakers who speak Northern Malaysian Hokkien as their mother tongue and second language. With the lack of rich language accumulation, Northern Malaysian Hokkien gradually weakens and leads down towards language conversion. The observation of diverse contact helps to understand the formation, development and evolution of Northern Malaysian Hokkien. It also helps to define Northern Malaysian Hokkien more accurately.