- 學位論文
花蓮及新北地區伴侶動物外寄生蟲貓蚤攜帶貓蚤立克次體及巴通氏菌之分子檢驗
Molecular Detection of Rickettsia felis and Bartonella spp. in Cat Fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) Infesting Companion Animals from Hualien and New Taipei City
摘要
貓蚤 (Ctenocephalides felis) 是一種吸血性昆蟲，擅長跳躍，經常寄生於貓狗等伴侶動物，是人畜共通病原體貓蚤立克次體 (Rickettsia felis) 和巴通氏菌(Bartonella spp.) 的病媒。近年來飼養伴侶動物的人口增加，暴露於病媒及人畜共通傳染病的風險也隨之增加。本研究目的為了解花蓮和新北地區貓蚤基因多樣性、貓蚤攜帶的立克次體 (Rickettsia) 和巴通氏菌 (Bartonella) 的陽性率與基因多樣性，比較花蓮和新北地區蚤媒病原體的陽性率差異，並以問卷調查新北市伴侶動物飼主接觸病媒和人畜共通傳染病的情形。自花蓮10家動物醫院，於2015年5至7月和2019年5月至2021年4月間，分別採集155和222隻貓蚤，結果顯示：花蓮的貓蚤COI有2個單倍體型，與臺灣現有的貓蚤COI序列100%相似 (Accession no.: MG586280和MT394872)；二個期間的立克次體陽性率分別為3.9% (6/155) 和3.6% (8/222)，立克次體種類皆為貓蚤立克次體 (R. felis)；巴通氏菌陽性率分別為7.1% (11/155)、5.0% (11/222)，基因序列近似B. henselae (韓瑟勒巴通氏菌) (n=6)、B. clarridgeiae (n=14) 及Bartonella sp. BDB01 (n=2) 共3種巴通氏菌。在新北市2家動物醫院，於2012年採集116隻貓蚤，分子檢驗結果顯示：新北市的貓蚤有1個單倍體型，和臺灣現有的貓蚤COI序列100%相似 (Accession no.: MG586280)。貓蚤攜帶立克次體的陽性率為19.8% (23/116)，立克次體基因序列除了貓蚤立克次體之外，首次發現攜帶塞內加爾立克次體 (Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis)；巴通氏菌陽性率為19.0% (22/116)，序列分析顯示有5種巴通氏菌，分別是B. henselae (n=5)、B. clarridgeiae (n=14)、B. koehlerae (n=1)、Bartonella sp. 1-1C (n=1)和Bartonella sp. BDB01 (n=1)。另外，在41份問卷中顯示：2010至2011年間，於新北市看診的伴侶動物經獸醫診斷，95%都帶有外寄生蟲，包含蜱 (51.2%)、跳蚤 (31.7%)、蟎 (9.8%) 和蝨 (7.3%)。飼主曾在伴侶動物身上看到的主要外寄生蟲為跳蚤和蜱，各佔46.3% (19/41) 和41.5% (17/41)。有17位飼主曾被跳蚤叮咬，臨床症狀主要為搔癢、紅疹及發炎，沒有頭痛、焦痂、淋巴腫大等紀錄；有13位飼主曾被伴侶動物抓傷或咬傷，其中7位有搔癢或發炎疼痛症狀。綜合以上，花蓮的貓蚤攜帶立克次體與巴通氏菌的陽性率均較新北市低，種類亦較少。致病性的貓蚤立克次體和韓瑟勒巴通氏菌在兩地皆有測得，顯示花蓮和新北市的飼主都有可能感染人畜共通傳染病。在健康一體 (One Health) 的架構下，人類、動物與環境的健康三者息息相關，飼主須定期使用除蚤藥劑和維持伴侶動物與人生活環境的整潔，以避免貓蚤在環境中孳生並寄生於伴侶動物，以降低感染人畜共通傳染病的風險。
並列摘要
Cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) are small, wingless bloodsucking insects with a characteristic of jumping movement. They are the primary ectoparasites of companion animals, such as cats and dogs, and serve as a vector for Rickettsia felis and Bartonella henselae which are two zoonotic pathogens that can cause human diseases. The risk of exposure to vectors and zoonotic diseases has increased as the number of people raising companion animals has risen in recent years. This study aimed to investigate the haplotype diversity of cat fleas, to determine the prevalence and species of Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. in cat fleas collected from companion animals in Hualien and New Taipei City, and to understand the history of companion animal owners exposed to vectors and zoonotic diseases in New Taipei City. In Hualien, cat fleas were collected from companion animals in 10 animal hospitals. In 2015 and from 2019 to 2021, a total of 155 and 222 cat fleas were collected, respectively. The sequencing results showed that two COI haplotypes of cat flea were in Hualien, which are 100% identical to the existing cat flea COI sequences in Taiwan (Accession no.: MG586280 MT394872). The prevalence of Rickettsia in the two periods were 3.9% (6/155) and 3.6% (8/222), respectively. Rickettisa. felis was the only species found in Hualien. The prevalence of Bartonella spp. were 7.1% (11/155) and 5.0% (11/222) in the two periods. Three species of Bartonella, B. henselae (n=3), B. clarridgeiae (n=9), and Bartonella sp. BDB01 (n=1) were detected. In New Taipei City, a total of 116 cat fleas were collected in 2 animal hospitals in 2012. One haplotype of cat flea was in New Taipei City, with 100% identical to existing sequences in Taiwan (Accession no.: MG586280). R. felis and a new record of Candidatus Rickettsia senegalensis were detected in New Taipei City. Bartonella were detected in 19.0% (22/116) cat fleas, with 5 species, B. henselae (n=1), B. clarridgeiae (n=4), B. koehlerae (n=1), Bartonella sp. 1-1C (n=1), and Bartonella sp. BDB01 (n=1) being identified. Besides, the 41 questionnaires showed that 95% of companion animals were diagnosed to be infested by ectoparasites, including ticks (51.2%), fleas (31.7%), mites (9.8%), and lice (7.3%). Fleas and ticks were the most common ectoparasites found on companion animals, with 46.3% (19/41) and 41.5% (17/41) owners responded, respectively. A total of 17 (41.5%) of the owners responded that they had been bitten by fleas. None of the owners responded to have headache, eschar, or lymphadenopathy after bitten by ectoparasites. A total of 13 owners had been scratched or bitten by their companion animals. Only 7 of them had symptoms of itch or inflammation and pain. To sum up, the prevalence and species of R. felis and Bartonella spp. were lower in Hualien than in New Taipei City. Human pathogens, R. felis and B. henselae, were detected in both Hualien and New Taipei City, indicating that owners of companion animals were at risk for contracting zoonotic diseases. Under the concept of One Health, the health of humans, animals, and the environment was closely related. In order to decrease the risk of contracting zoonoses, it is important for owners to use ectoparasiticides regularly and to keep the shared environment of animals and humans clean.