宮廟選舉對地方選舉的影響—以雲林縣北港鎮為例

許多宮廟具龐大資源及信眾，其董事長總備受矚目。以北港朝天宮的宮廟選舉來看，每屆都相當激烈，但董監事是無給職，怎麼如此競爭？現任董監事名單可見政治人物參與廟務已成常態，形成特殊的宮廟運作與地方政治的關係。為瞭解宮廟選舉對地方選舉的影響，本文依下列方向探討：一、個案地區的政治環境；二、宮廟的運作模式；三、宮廟選舉與地方政治的關係。本研究採質性的深度訪談法蒐集第一手資料，並以文件分析法為輔，梳理地方派系脈絡。藉此瞭解宮廟選舉時政治人物運作狀況，以及受政黨和縣級派系的影響，可對地方政治勢力的關係有更全面的認識。研究顯示地方派系仍存在，非完全瓦解，而是趨向多元、山頭化發展；此外，地方派系更透過宮廟選舉作為著力點之一。再者，藉由宗教資源的運用，以及宗教動員力的發揮，能形成延綿不絕的宗教回饋，構成宮廟系統的特殊性。最後，本文發現宮廟選舉與地方政治關係匪淺，董監事可能與政治勢力合作，甚至倒戈。經此研究能理解宮廟與地方政治的複雜關係。但本文認為地方派系藉由宮廟選舉帶動地方選舉，如進而長期掌握地方政治，可能對民主政治有負向影響。遂未來宮廟相關制度應有改善，建議如下：一、宮廟選舉制度需轉變，包括選舉範圍與參選資格，可增加民意基礎，亦使選票交易難度提升；二、組織監督成效需提升，如監事增額，以及職權擴張。

關鍵字

宮廟；地方派系；地方選舉；地方政治；侍從主義；選舉動員；祭祀圈

並列摘要

Many temples in Taiwan own abundant resources and numerous believers, and their temple presidents always receive many attentions from various aspects. The personnel election of Chaotian Temple in Beigang was quite fierce every time. However, directors and supervisors are both unpaid positions, so how can there be such competition? If we compare temple's personnel election with political election, we can find many links between them. From the list of current directors and supervisors, people can discover that the participation of temple affairs has been normalized. This forms a special relationship between politics and religions. In order to understand the impact of temple’s personnel elections on local elections, this study will explore the following directions;1. Political environment of the specific case; 2. Operation mode of the temple; 3. Relationship between the temple’s personnel election and local politics. In this study, depth interview of qualitative research was used to collect first-hand information, and the interviewees were temple officials, local politicians and journalists. Besides, document analysis is used to sort out local factions. From the study, we can understand the operation of politicians during temple’s personnel election, and the influence of political parties and county-level factions. And then we can have a more comprehensive grasp of the relationship between local political forces. First, the study shows that instead of disintegrating completely, local factions not only exist but also develop diversely. The local factions in Beigang use the temple’s personnel election as one of the focal points. Second, through the use of religious resources and mobilization, continuous religious feedback can be formed, which constitutes the particularity of the temple system. Third, there is a strong relationship between temple’s personnel elections and local politics. Directors and supervisors may cooperate with political forces or even change sides. For example, temple presidents probably switch to different political parties. According to this research, it is possible to get a good grasp of the intricate relationship between temples and local politics. However, local factions influence local elections via temple's resources, and thus control local politics for a long time, It can cause a negative result for democratic politics. Therefore, this study believes that the system of temples should be improved in the future. Here are some suggestions; First, the temple's personnel election system, including electoral scope and eligibility, needs to be changed. Moreover, public opinion should be increased to make bribery more difficult. Second, the effectiveness of organizational supervision needs to be improved. Increasing the numbers of supervisors and expanding their powers can be some better ways.