暗黑三角人格特質、職業道德價值觀對創業意圖之影響 – 以創業外在環境為調節變項

自2020年初起，全球經濟受新冠病毒疫情影響一直處於動盪的環境，並直接或間接地影響每個人的生活。根據美國巴布森學院 (Babson College) 和英國倫敦商學院共同發布的「全球創業觀察：2020/21年全球報告」(Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2020/2021 Global Report (GEM)) 的分析，台灣擁有理想的創業外在環境，但一般民眾的自我創業感知和創業意圖較為落後。本研究之目的為探討一般台灣民眾的暗黑三角人格特質和職業道德價值觀對創業意圖之影響，以創業外在環境為調節變項，觀察各變項間之關聯性。暗黑三角人格特質，是指給整個社會帶來問題的人格特質，分別是自戀、精神病態和馬基維利主義 (Babiak et al., 2007; Paulhus and Williams, 2002)。暗黑三角人格特質程度高的人通常充滿自信，缺乏恐懼意識，無視權威和現狀，適應在非結構化和動態環境中運作，這可能使創業成為有吸引力的職業選擇 (Jonason et al., 2010)。職業道德價值觀是許多工作價值研究的基礎 (Hirschfeld and Field, 2000)。Hueso et al. (2020) 進行了系統性文獻綜述，個人價值觀為創業意圖的先決條件。Fogel (2001) 指出，創業外在環境是創業發展中發揮作用的因素組合。如果個人認為經濟、社會和政治環境有利於新企業的創立，那麼這種看法會提升創業意圖 (Taormina and Lao, 2007)。本研究採用便利抽樣與滾雪球抽樣進行問卷調查，共回收270份有效問卷，並以SPSS-22進行資料敘述分析、項目分析、信度分析、驗證性因素分析、探索性因素分析、相關分析、迴歸分析、階層迴歸分析、t檢定與變異數分析來驗證各研究假設。本研究結果發現： H1職業道德價值觀和H2暗黑三角人格特質皆能正向影響創業意圖，創業外在環境對創業意圖亦具有顯著影響。但H3職業道德價值觀和H4暗黑三角人格特質對創業意圖之影響，不受創業外在環境的正向調節影響。H5部分人口變項在創業意圖具有顯著差異。而暗黑三角人格特質的自戀與職業道德價值觀的工作與時間的當責和努力工作都呈現顯著正相關。本研究建議1. 有志創業者可先行分析自身的職業道德價值觀和人格特質，並加強企業倫理方面的訓練。2. 政府部門及相關創業機構，對擁有積極的職業道德價值觀和暗黑三角人格特質的潛在創業者，提供切合適時的輔導，並灌輸企業管治的相關知識。3. 企業方面，也可按分析提供及分派合適資訊和工作，並定期評核其工作表現。

關鍵字

職業道德價值觀；暗黑三角人格特質；創業外在環境；創業意圖

並列摘要

Since the beginning of 2020, the global economy has been in a turbulent environment due to the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic, directly or indirectly affecting everyone's lives. According to the analysis from the "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2020/2021 Global Report (GEM)" jointly released by Babson College in the United States and the London Business School in the United Kingdom, Taiwan is recognized to have an ideal external entrepreneurial environment. However, the self-perception of self-employment and entrepreneurial intentions among the general public in Taiwan lag behind. The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of dark triad personality traits and work ethics on entrepreneurial intentions among the general Taiwanese population, with the entrepreneurial external environment as a moderating variable, and to observe the correlations between these variables. The dark triad personality traits refer to personality traits that cause problems to society, namely narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism (Babiak et al., 2007; Paulhus and Williams, 2002). Individuals with high levels of dark triad personality traits are often assertive, lack fear awareness, disregard authority and the status quo, and are comfortable operating in unstructured and dynamic environments, which may make entrepreneurship an attractive career choice (Jonason et al., 2010). Work ethics are the foundation of many studies on work values (Hirschfeld and Field, 2000). Hueso et al. (2020) conducted a systematic literature review and identified personal values as a prerequisite for entrepreneurial intentions. Fogel (2001) pointed out that the entrepreneurial external environment is a combination of factors that play a role in entrepreneurial development. If individuals perceive the economic, social, and political environment as favorable for the establishment of new ventures, it will enhance entrepreneurial intentions (Taormina and Lao, 2007). Convenience sampling and snowball sampling were used in this study to conduct a questionnaire survey, resulting in a total of 270 valid responses. Descriptive analysis, item analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, hierarchical regression analysis, t-tests, and analysis of variance were performed using SPSS-22 to test the research hypotheses. The results of this study revealed that both H1 work ethics and H2 dark triad personality traits have a positive impact on entrepreneurial intentions, and the entrepreneurial external environment also significantly influences entrepreneurial intentions. However, the impact of H3 work ethics and H4 dark triad personality traits on entrepreneurial intentions is not positively moderated by the entrepreneurial external environment. H5 indicates certain demographic variables have significant differences in entrepreneurial intention. Narcissism, a trait of the Dark Triad personality, exhibits a significant positive correlation with work and time accountability, as well as the commitment to hard work of work ethics. Based on these findings, the study suggests the following recommendations: (1) Aspiring entrepreneurs should analyze their own work ethics and personality traits and enhance their ethical training in business. (2) Government agencies and relevant entrepreneurial institutions should provide timely guidance and impart knowledge on corporate governance to potential entrepreneurs who possess positive work ethics and dark triad personality traits. (3) Companies can provide appropriate information and assignments based on the analysis and conduct regular performance evaluations.