- 學位論文
「紀元二千六百年」與殖民地台灣
The 2600th Anniversary of the Accession of Emperor Jimmu and Colonial Taiwan
摘要
日本政府在明治初期以西元前660年神武天皇在橿原宮即位的傳說，訂定該年為紀元元年。1940年時以紀元二千六百年為由，舉辦了戰前規模最大的慶祝活動，由全民參加並奉獻金錢及勞力，被動員的人力以軍人和學生為主。慶祝活動時間長達一整年，以11月10日皇宮外苑的慶典為最高峰。日本本土以及殖民地等，整個日本帝國控制範圍都在慶祝活動範圍內。本論文探討了舉辦紀元二千六百年慶祝活動的緣由，以及從中央的六大事業到各地的慶祝活動及紀念事業，以及人民、團體、地方政府的對應，包括台灣相關的事項。研究方式是以蔡錦堂、Kenneth J.Ruoff、古川隆久的著作為先行研究，藉由相關書籍、論文、報章、網路資料以及當年知識分子的日記，年長者的訪談等進行。 第一章探討紀元的起源，並敘述為了經濟發展地方政府及團體爭取舉辦萬國博覽會及奧運，最後日本政府考量中日戰爭的需要進行國民的精神統合，發展成紀元二千六百年慶祝活動。第二章描述在台灣對於紀元二千六百年慶祝所蘊含的天皇崇拜的愛國思想養成，主要是由學校和神社來進行，並由青年團控制青年，以及該年開始的改姓名等進行皇民化思想教育。第三章是台灣在1940年所舉辦的慶祝事項和人民的反應。慶祝事項包括東京皇宮外苑慶典的同步舉行及全台各地舉辦運動會以及植樹等紀念事業。此外，以慶祝紀元兩千六百年拜訪聖地為名義，日本興起聖地觀光熱潮，當時台灣也可以看到類似日本內地的聖地，包括靈峰新高山，聖域台灣神社，北白川宮能久親王遺跡與裕仁皇太子來台相關的瑞竹等。年長者的訪談中，長者仍記得紀元二千六百年奉祝國民歌，有些學校裡有二宮尊德像以及楠公銅像。 日本政府想藉由紀元二千六百年慶祝活動對全國人民進行物心兩面的動員以及統合。對台灣而言紀元二千六百年慶祝活動可說是皇民化運動及戰爭的準備。
並列摘要
The Meiji government considered 660 B.C. as the year when Emperor Jimmu, the first mythical emperor acceded to the throne. The year 1940 was the 2600th anniversary of the accession, and various events had proceeded all over the empire for its celebration. All citizen was forcibly mobilized or intentionally participated in the events, and were also expected to donate money and labor. The events had continued all year round and the climax came on Nov.10th when the ceremony of 2600th anniversary was held at the outer gardens of the Imperial Palace. The whole Empire, including colonial Taiwan, sunk into the atmosphere of the celebration. This thesis discusses the reason why the mega-events were taken place. It also pays attention to the six main programs that were executed by the central government and the other events organized by the local governments. The reaction of local governments, people, parties to the celebration, including in Taiwan would be discussed. The studies reviewed include those by Tsai Chin-Tang, Kenneth J.Ruoff, and Hurukawa Takahisa. This thesis analyzes first-hand materials like newspaper and magazine articles, diaries written by intellectuals and oral history of elders. The first chapter describes the detail of the calendar system or Kigen and the reason why the celebration had been held. The original purpose of the events planned by the central and local governments was to boost the economy. They also sought the chance to organize the World Exposition and the Olympic Game in Tokyo. Due to the prolonged Sino-Japanese War, however, the Japanese government could not help canceling both of them, only to hold the 2600th events aiming to strengthen patriotic sentiments among Japanese. Chapter two focuses on colonial Taiwan and discusses how ideological education was promoted through school education and worships in shrines. The sphere of the ideological education includes the Youth Groups(青年團), encouragement of change of names during the Kominka Movement period. Chapter three describes the celebration in Taiwan and how Taiwanese reacted to the events. The ceremony on Nov.10th in Taipei was synchronized with the one in Tokyo. Events like sports competitions or tree planting were also taken place. Tourism had been actively promoted for the celebration both in the mainland and Taiwan. So-called holy places, including Mt. Niitaka, Taiwan Shrine, remains relating to Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa, the bamboo trees Crown Prince Hirohito planted, and so forth. Those Taiwanese elders whom I interviewed to still remember the song of the anniversary. It is said that there were statues of Ninomiya Kinjiro and Kusunoki Masashige at the schools they went to. Japanese Government intended to use the celebration to achieve the goal of mobilization and integration. It is fair to say that the similar was the case in Taiwan; the 2600th Anniversary was for the success of the Kominka Movement and the preparation of the war.