亞塞拜然共和國的政治轉型：新宗族主義下的非正式運作

蘇聯瓦解之後原先加盟蘇聯的共和國紛紛獨立，將國家發展冀望於民主制度。然而除了波羅的海(Baltic sea)三國，其餘國家漸漸陷入單一統治者持續執政的窘境。獨立後的亞塞拜然並未如其憲法所載，保障自由以及人權。許多反對黨或異議人士受到相當大的限制，總統大位依然由阿里耶夫家族把持。亞塞拜然政治轉型過程中的非正式運作以及恩庇政治網絡也與正式制度同時進行，筆者在這篇文章想探討有四個部分：第一部分先介紹和定義新制度主義、新宗族主義以及恩庇政治。在這些理論中，制度遺緒以及非正式運作占了這些理論中重要的一環，並且深刻地影響亞塞拜然的政治體系。第二部分是從歷史的脈絡了解亞塞拜然民主發展的歷史因素，探討蘇聯時期所留下的制度以及非正式運作，對現今的亞塞拜然政治制度的影響。第三部分將會討論現今亞塞拜然正式制度的運作，同時探討檯面下非正式運作，以便做出對照。第四部分是關於現任總統、總統家族、還有利益團體，例如經濟的寡頭或地方上的菁英等的恩庇政治關係。本文所發現的結果是：新宗族主義在亞塞拜然順利運作，並結合當地的歷史遺緒以及恩庇侍從。歷史遺緒，如氏族制度以及非正式運作如Tapsh帶來的影響力在現今亞塞拜然政經可以容易見到，目前亞塞拜然的政治體制呈現一個金字塔的狀態，頂部為總統與總統家族，在中間則是菁英，最下層則是侍從者。同時不僅是上位者分發利益給侍從者，有時候侍從者也會與上位者分享權力。另外上位者也允許侍從者發展自身網絡及經濟利益，並且不會妨礙上位者利益。

關鍵字

新宗族主義；恩庇侍從關係；亞塞拜然；非正式運作；政治轉型

並列摘要

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the soviet republics became independent with hoped to develop democracy. However, with the exception of the countries of the Baltic Sea, countrties of the Former Soviet Union gradually fell into the dilemma of authoritarian autocracy. Azerbaijan after its independence did not guarantee freedom and human rights, as enshrined in its constitution. The opposition parties or dissidents are subject to considerable restrictions and the presidency is still controlled by the Aliyev’s family. The informal practice in Azerbaijan's political transition process and the patron-client political network also proceed simultaneously with the formal system. In this thesis the author wants to explore four: The first part introduces and defines the theories of New Institutionalism, Neopatrimonialism, and patron-client politics. In these theories, institutional legacies and informal practice are considered important parts, as they profoundly affect Azerbaijan's political system. The second part is to find out the historical factors of democratic development in Azerbaijan from the context of history, and discusses the Soviet legacies and its informal practice, which affects the political system of Azerbaijan today. The third part will discuss the practice of the current formal institutions in Azerbaijan, and discuss the informal practice under it as for comparison. The fourth part is about the patron-client relations between the current president, his family, and some interest groups, such as economic oligarchs or local elites. The conclusions of this thesis are that Neopatrimonialism is functioning smoothly in Azerbaijan, combining historical legacies and Patron-client politics. Historical legacies, such as the clan system and informal practice ( Tapsh) can easily be seen in the current Azerbaijani politics and economy. At present, the political system of Azerbaijan presents a pyramid, with the president and the president family at the top, while in the middle, there are elites, and at the bottom are their clients. At the same time, not only the superior patrons distribute benefits to their clients, sometimes the clients also share power with the patrons. In addition, the patrons also allow the attendants to develop their own network and economic interests, and this will not hinder the interests of the patrons