機櫃級水冷系統器件選型及設計

隨著社會和科技的發展，大規模計算已經成爲衆多領域內必備的關鍵核心能力，尤其是資訊、銀行、金融、科學等，計算規模近年大幅度提升。作爲支撑大規模計算的根本，大型計算中心也得到了長足發展，各個行業、學校、研究機構都致力於這方面建設。然而伴隨著技術不斷的提升，當前數據中心熱密度已經達到940 W/m2，單一機櫃功耗也高達15Kw，對散熱以及能源消耗都構成了巨大的挑戰。有鑑於此，比較當前各種研究結果並結合產業經驗後可知，使用水冷系統於機櫃冷卻，能有效的大幅減少能源消耗並解決散熱問題。本文主要著重在系統層級的應用面上，針對集中式水冷機櫃系統，結合實務經驗以及實驗結果，對構成水冷系統的各關鍵部件進行選型、設計上須留意的事項提出建議，茲將主要探討內容羅列如下: 1. 通過實驗探討冷板水路並聯、串聯的設計優劣，以及冷板製作工藝選用，鰭片設計寬度等冷板設計要點 2. 針對軟管及硬管的選用場景進行討論，並選取FEP/PTFE/EPDM 這三種常見材質進行選用比較。 3. 選用兩種常見的快插接頭，比較流阻的差異對散熱的影響，同時依據工廠實務經驗，提供使用上應當考量的選型建議。 4. 依據產業實際需求，探討歧管材質、管徑、管型上的設計選用 5. 探討集中式和分離式CDU之優劣，並針對水冷系統阻抗的估算提供簡化方法；針對水泵的選型，考量操作點、以及高效率區域進行選型建議。本文所探討的內容以產業應用為主，在這伺服器產業蓬勃發展之時，以期可以對未來產業界，水冷散熱技術的推廣進行支持。

關鍵字

水冷；液冷；機櫃；數據中心

並列摘要

With the development of society and technology, large-scale computing has become an indispensable key core capability in many fields, especially information, banking, finance, science, etc. The scale of computing has increased significantly in recent years. As the basis for supporting large-scale computing, large-scale computing centers have also made considerable progress, and various industries, schools, and research institutions are committed to this aspect. However, with the continuous improvement of technology, the current data center heat density has reached 940 W/m2, and the power consumption of a single cabinet is also as high as 15Kw, which poses a huge challenge to heat dissipation and energy consumption. In view of this, comparing the current research results and combining industry experience, it can be seen that using a water cooling system to cool the cabinet can effectively reduce energy consumption and solve heat dissipation problems. This article mainly focuses on the application of the system level, for the centralized water-cooled cabinet system, combined with practical experience and experimental results, to make recommendations for the matters that need to be paid attention to in the selection and design of the key components that constitute the water-cooled system. The contents are listed as follows: 1. Through experiments to explore the advantages and disadvantages of the design of the cold plate waterway parallel and series, as well as the selection of the cold plate manufacturing process, the design width of the fins and other cold plate design points 2. Discuss the selection scenarios of hoses and rigid tubes, and select three common materials, FEP/PTFE/EPDM, for comparison. 3. Choose two common quick-plug connectors to compare the impact of the difference in flow resistance on heat dissipation, and at the same time provide selection advice that should be considered in use based on factory practical experience. 4. According to the actual needs of the industry, discuss the design selection of the material, diameter and type of the manifold 5. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of centralized and separate CDUs, and provide a simplified method for estimating the impedance of the water cooling system; make recommendations for the selection of pumps, considering operating points, and high-efficiency areas. The content discussed in this article is mainly based on industrial applications. When the server industry is booming, it is expected to support the promotion of the water cooling technology in the future development.