瓜地馬拉與貝里斯領土爭端之歷史脈絡

瓜地馬拉與貝里斯之間超過百年的領土爭端，其歷史可追溯至十八世紀，西班牙曾兩次授與貝里斯的土地使用權給英國，隨著時間的流逝，英國也逐漸拓展在貝里斯的據點，超出當時西班牙授與的範圍。瓜地馬拉獨立建國後，於西元1859年與英國簽訂《艾西內拿－威科條約》，確立了瓜地馬拉與英屬宏都拉斯（今貝里斯）的邊界。但由於英國未履行條約中所要求的道路建設，所以瓜地馬拉不承認上述邊界。瓜地馬拉於西元1991年承認貝里斯為獨立國家，但不承認其領土範圍。美洲國家組織於西元2000年介入兩國的領土爭端，協助兩國達成共識。時任美洲國家組織秘書長何塞．米格爾．因蘇爾薩（José Miguel Insulza）於西元2007年建議兩國尋求國際法院的協助。瓜地馬拉與貝里斯於西元2008年簽署《瓜地馬拉與貝里斯領土、島嶼、領海爭端送交國際法院之特別協定》，兩國必須先行公民投票的程序，而且兩國公民投票的結果皆為同意，使得將兩國的領土爭端送交國際法院。　　本論文旨在梳理瓜地馬拉與貝里斯領土爭端的歷史發展。領土爭端的發生，並非短時間的產物，而是人事時地物的總和。瓜地馬拉與貝里斯先後於西元2018年和西元2019年完成公民投票，兩國都贊成把領土爭端交由國際法院進行裁決。瓜地馬拉和貝里斯的領土爭端是個持續發展的議題，國際法院後續的判決還有待關注。

關鍵字

瓜地馬拉；貝里斯；領土爭端；公民投票

並列摘要

The history of territorial dispute between Guatemala and Belize is more than one hundred years. Dating back to the 18th century, Spain granted land use rights in Belize twice to Great Britain. As time passed by, British gradually expanded their settlements beyond the land which Spain had granted. After Guatemala became an independent country, Guatemala and Great Britain signed Aycinena-Wyke Treaty in 1859, establishing the border between Guatemala and British Honduras (now Belize). However, Guatemala did not recognize the above-mentioned border because Great Britain did not build the road required by the Treaty. Guatemala recognized Belize as an independent country in 1991, but Guatemala did not recognize its territory. The Organization of American States intervened in the territorial dispute between the two countries in 2000 and helped the two countries to reach agreements. In 2007, the then Secretary General of the Organization of American States, José Miguel Insulza, suggested that both countries seek the assistance of the International Court of Justice. In 2008, Guatemala and Belize signed the Special Agreement Between Guatemala and Belize to Submit the Territorial, Insular and Maritime Claim of Guatemala to the International Court of Justice. The two countries must go first through the referendum process and the results of both countries must be favorable to the proposal. Therefore, the territorial dispute between the two countries could be submitted to the International Court of Justice. This thesis aims at presenting the historical development of the territorial dispute between Guatemala and Belize. The territorial dispute does not happen in a sudden without any reason, but the sum of all the historical events. Guatemala and Belize completed their referendum in 2018 and 2019 respectively. The two countries agreed to submit the territorial dispute to the International Court of Justice. The territorial dispute between Guatemala and Belize is a happening issue and the judgement of the International Court of Justice remains to be seen.