美國印太戰略之研究

「印太戰略」的構思是由美國前總統川普於2017年11月訪問越南河內參加APEC峰會期間首次提出，當時川普提出「自由開放的印度太平洋願景」（Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision, FOIP），隨後白宮發布《2017國家安全戰略報告》正式使用「印太」（Indo-Pacific）區域概念，取代以往慣用之「亞洲及太平洋」或「亞太地區」，揭示「印太」戰略將成為川普政府亞洲政策的主軸。《2017國家安全戰略報告》中，將「印太區域」界定為從印度沿岸至美國西岸之間的廣大區域。美國當前貫徹印太戰略的主要原則:1.尊重各國主權與獨立2.和平解決爭端3.基於開放投資、協定透明與加強連結性的基礎，推動自由、公平與互惠的貿易4.支持國際規範與原則，包括海上與空域自由航行權等。美國、日本、印度、澳洲組成的四方會談（U.S.-Australia-India-Japan Consultations, the “Quad”）是川普任內有關印太事務最重要的對話機制，川普在2017年11月提出印太願景後，睽違10年的美日印澳四方會談再度召開，並於2019年9月首次升級為部長級層次的會議。「印太戰略」的產生更與中共的崛起有著密不可分的關係，在美國《2017國家安全戰略報告》中也明確的說明了美國的主要競爭對手首要的就是中國大陸的北京政權，然而面對國力成長迅速的競爭對手，中共的問題複雜性一直是川普政府最為複雜且棘手的；面對大國崛起的威脅又同時為2019年之前最大的貿易夥伴(2020最新數據為第三大，第一是墨西哥其次加拿大)，複雜的國際關係不言而喻。中共自1980年實施改革開放政策之後，經濟發展迅速，國力大幅提升。然而一個極權專制的國家崛起，勢必對其周遭國家帶來經濟、國防軍事上的威脅；對美國而言，中國的崛起將破壞原本印度太平洋國家的秩序、在南海的軍事力量提升對周遭國家形成威脅，在中東地區的經濟佈局而成為無形中國力的延伸與擴張，都令美國備感壓力。本研究旨在分析與探討「印太戰略」的緣由與布局，從2017年至2023年間陸續完成的進展與對印太地區的政治、經濟、軍事與國際間的各種影響，主要探討:(一)主要原則: 1.尊重各國主權與獨立2.和平解決爭端3.基於開放投資、協定透明與加強連結性的基礎，推動自由、公平與互惠的貿易4.支持國際規範與原則，包括海上與空域自由航行權等。(二)三大方向: 1.提升準備度：藉由聯合打擊武力的強化，以實力與有效實施嚇阻來達成和平目標。2.強化夥伴關係：美國將加強其對目前盟國與夥伴國的承諾。3.推動網絡區域：美國將持續增強及發展與美國盟國和夥伴國的網絡安全架構，以支持國際間以規則為基礎的秩序。(三)五項重點:1.強化數位連結與網路安全夥伴關係2.加強基礎設施交易與協助網投資3.推動亞洲EDGE（Asia EDGE）─透過能源增進發展與成長：4.由千禧年挑戰集團推動與蒙古的合約5.推動支持地區之機制：美國宣布加強支持印太地區重要的地區性機制，例如美國-東協連結計畫（U.S.-ASEAN Connect）、亞太經濟合作（APEC）和湄公河下游倡議計畫（Lower Mekong Initiative），並第一次為環印度洋國家聯盟（Indian Ocean Rim Association）提供支援。

關鍵字

印太戰略；印太地區；四方會談；區域和平

並列摘要

The idea of the "Indo-Pacific Strategy" was firstly proposed by former U.S. President Trump during his visit to Hanoi, Vietnam to participate in the APEC summit in November 2017. At that time, Trump proposed the "Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision" (Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision, FOIP), and then the White House released the "2017 National Security Strategy Report", to use the "Indo-Pacific" (Indo-Pacific) regional concept officilly, replacing the usual "Asia and the Pacific" or "Asia-Pacific region", revealing that the "Indo-Pacific" strategy will become The main axis of the Trump administration's Asia policy. In the 2017 National Security Strategy Report, the "Indo-Pacific region" is defined as the vast area from the coast of India to the west coast of the United States. The United States currently implements the main principles of the Indo-Pacific strategy: 1. Respect the sovereignty and independence of all countries 2. Settle disputes peacefully 3. Promote free, fair and reciprocal trade based on open investment, transparent agreements and enhanced connectivity 4. Support international norms and principles, including freedom of navigation at sea and in the air. The U.S.-Australia-India-Japan Consultations (the “Quad”) composed of the United States, Japan, India, and Australia is the most important dialogue mechanism on Indo-Pacific affairs during Trump’s tenure. Trump proposed in November 2017 that India After too much vision, the four-party talks between the United States, Japan, India and Australia, which had been absent for 10 years, was held again, and it was upgraded to a ministerial-level meeting for the first time in September 2019. The emergence of the "Indo-Pacific Strategy" is inseparable from the rise of the CCP. In the "2017 National Security Strategy Report" of the United States, it is also clearly stated that the main competitor of the United States is the Beijing regime in mainland China. However, in the face of As a competitor with rapidly growing national power, the complexity of the CCP’s problems has always been the most complicated and thorny for the Trump administration; facing the threat of the rise of a major power, it is also the largest trading partner before 2019 (the latest data for 2020 is the third largest, and the first Mexico followed by Canada), the complex international relations are self-evident. Since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy by the Communist Party of China in 1980, the economy has developed rapidly and the national strength has been greatly improved. However, the rise of a totalitarian and authoritarian country is bound to bring economic, national defense and military threats to its surrounding countries; for the United States, the rise of China will disrupt the order of the original Indo-Pacific countries, and the increase of military power in the South China Sea will pose a threat to surrounding countries. Threats, the economic layout in the Middle East has become an extension and expansion of invisible Chinese power, all of which make the United States feel pressure. This study aims to analyze and discuss the reasons and layout of the "Indo-Pacific Strategy", the progress completed from 2017 to 2023 and the various impacts on the politics, economy, military and international relations of the Indo-Pacific region. The main discussions are: (1) main principles: 1. Respect the sovereignty and independence of all countries 2. Settle disputes peacefully 3. Promote free, fair and reciprocal trade based on open investment, agreement transparency and enhanced connectivity 4. Support international norms and principles, including maritime and Freedom of navigation in airspace, etc. (2) Three major directions: 1. Improving readiness: through the strengthening of joint strike forces, the goal of peace can be achieved with strength and effective deterrence. 2. Strengthening Partnerships: The United States will strengthen its commitment to current allies and partners. 3. Promote the Cyber Zone: The United States will continue to strengthen and develop the cybersecurity architecture with U.S. allies and partners to support the international rules-based order. (3) Five key points: 1. Strengthen digital connection and network security partnership 2. Strengthen investment in infrastructure transactions and assistance networks 3. Promote Asia EDGE (Asia EDGE)-enhancing development and growth through energy: 4. The United States announced that its Millennium Challenge Corporation will execute a $350 million contract with Mongolia to promote Mongolian 5. Promoting mechanisms to support the region: The United States announced that it will strengthen its support for important regional mechanisms in the Indo-Pacific region, such as the United States-ASEAN Connect (U.S.-ASEAN Connect) and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and the Lower Mekong Initiative, and for the first time provided support to the Indian Ocean Rim Association.