析評張君勱與錢穆論中國傳統政治之差異：以《中國專制君主政制之評議》為核心

張君勱作為當代新儒家代表人物之一，港臺對其思想研究仍有發展空間，其遺著《中國專制君主政制之評議》係受錢穆啟發而寫成，兩岸三地至今未有研究此著作之學位論文或專著。　　錢穆論中國傳統政治，是在五四啟蒙，反儒、反傳統之思潮下寫成，他提出中國傳統政治制度的優點，重職分而非主權，考試制度與監察制度達到勢力之制衡，以及學術指導政治之士人自覺精神，都是不應被拋棄者。　　張君勱有鑒於錢穆為當代國學大師，具有學術影響力，其論中國傳統政治中有定義不清或概念混淆之處，對於改善士人從政風氣起誤導作用，因此逐事回應之。對張君勱而言，中國傳統政治應傳承者為心性之學思想上之主體性，並非傳承制度。反之，中國傳統政治中君主專制、文人政治之弊病都需要建立制度來改進，不應一昧美化並繼承。　　張君勱與錢穆，同被歸進當代新儒學學派中，其思想本質有許多相似之處，然其對中國傳統政治看法之差異，能見其學術領域不同，呈現出觀點亦不同。

關鍵字

張君勱；錢穆；中國傳統政治；專制君主；士人政府

並列摘要

Carsun Chang as a Representative of Contemporary New Confucianism: An Analysis of His Critique on Chinese Autocratic Monarchy 　　　　As one of the representatives of contemporary New Confucianism, Carsun Chang's (Zhang Junmai) thought has yet to be fully explored in Hong Kong and Taiwan. His work, A Critique of the Chinese Autocratic Monarchical System, was inspired by Qian Mu, yet to date, there has been no thesis or monograph dedicated to the study of this particular work across Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. 　　　　Qian Mu's discussion of traditional Chinese politics was written in the context of the May Fourth Enlightenment, which was characterized by anti-Confucian and anti-traditionalist sentiments. Qian highlighted the merits of traditional Chinese political systems, emphasizing the importance of duty over sovereignty, the checks and balances achieved through the examination and supervision systems, and the scholars' self-consciousness in guiding politics through academic discourse. These, he argued, should not be discarded. 　　　　Recognizing Qian Mu as a contemporary master of Chinese studies with significant academic influence, Carsun Chang responded to Qian's work point by point, addressing areas where Qian's definitions were unclear or concepts were confused, which Chang believed could mislead the political conduct of intellectuals. For Chang, the true essence of Chinese traditional politics lies in the subjectivity of the philosophy of mind and nature, rather than the continuation of traditional institutions. On the contrary, he argued that the autocratic monarchy and the flaws of literati politics in traditional Chinese politics necessitate the establishment of new institutions for improvement, rather than being idealized and inherited as they are. 　　　　While both Carsun Chang and Qian Mu are classified within the contemporary New Confucian school, and their thoughts share many similarities, their differing perspectives on traditional Chinese politics reveal the distinct academic fields they belong to, leading to different viewpoints.