拉丁美洲左翼民粹主義鞏固政權比較:以查維茲和莫拉萊斯為例

民粹主義已成為當代全球政治中舉足輕重的力量，領導者常透過簡化複雜問題、製造群體對立以及分化社會，爭取民眾認同以實現其政治目標並鞏固自身政權。在拉丁美洲，長期受殖民統治影響，社會不平等與經濟結構性問題成為民粹主義興起的溫床。本研究以委內瑞拉前總統查維茲與玻利維亞前總統莫拉萊斯為案例，採用文獻分析法，深入剖析兩位領導人的崛起過程、政治理念及執政方式，並探討他們如何運用民粹手段，成功動員大眾支持並維繫政治權力。研究結果發現，查維茲與莫拉萊斯的民粹策略包括：(1)以自身貧困背景訴諸社會正義，並透過反帝國主義立場凝聚邊緣化群體；(2)批判新自由主義政策以激化人民對體制的不滿；(3)國有化天然資源並實施福利政策以縮小貧富差距；(4)修憲延長任期以鞏固政權。研究結論指出，儘管查維茲與莫拉萊斯的政策成功縮小了社會貧富差距，改善了弱勢族群的生活水平，但其對單一經濟結構的高度依賴及對多元化發展的忽略，最終導致經濟失衡和社會對立的加劇。

關鍵字

拉丁美洲；查維茲；莫拉萊斯；民粹主義

並列摘要

Populism has become a significant force in contemporary global politics , with leaders often seeking public approval by simplifying complex issues, fostering group conflicts, and dividing society to achieve their political goals while consolidating their regimes where social inequality and economic structural problems have been deeply influenced by long-term colonial rule, these challenges have created fertile ground for the rise of populism. This study examines former Venezuelan President Chávez and former Bolivian President Morales as case studies, adopting a literature analysis method to thoroughly investigate the rise of these leaders, their political ideologies, and their governing strategies. Moreover, it explores how they leveraged populist tactics to successfully mobilize public support and to maintain political power. The findings reveal that Chávez and Morales used several populist strategies, including the following:(1) using their impoverished backgrounds to advocate for social justice and uniting marginalized groups through strong anti-American rhetoric; (2) criticizing neoliberal policies to amplify public dissatisfaction with the existing system; (3) nationalizing natural resources and implementing welfare programs to reduce income ii inequality; and (4) amending constitutions to extend their terms in office, thereby consolidating their regimes. To conclude, while Chávez and Morales achieved significant progress in reducing inequality and improving the well-being of disadvantaged groups, their reliance on a single economic structure and disregard for diversification ultimately led to economic instability and deepened social tensions.