芥川龍之介文學中的女性表象

本論要旨在於探討芥川龍之介文學中的女性形象。芥川龍之介的一生因特殊的成長經歷和豐富的情史而深受女性影響，其文學作品中也呈現出多樣性的女性人物，透過分析作品中女性人物的構成來探討芥川的女性觀和戀愛觀。此外，明治維新過後日本引進西方思想，是傳統與近代文化融合的時代，因此禅明芥川身為大正時期的代表作家之一，是如何以男性知識人的視角把握當時的女性也是本論的課題之一。本論文的構成如下，首先在先行研究中考察芥川的家庭背景和戀情中對其影響較深的三位女性與他的情感經歷，在依照與芥川接觸的順序對照初期到後期作品中的女性人物進行分析，探討芥川文學中女性形象的構成以及其女性觀、戀愛觀的變化。其次考察明治時期和大正時期的社會思潮進行對照，探討在不同階段中這些女性人物會呈現何種樣貌以及異同點。考察後發現，在「母親形象」方面，因芥川自幼缺乏母愛，初期作品中透露出對母親的渴望，描寫了心目中理想的母親。但因初戀被最愛的伯母反對，因而發現了人性的自私面，作品中的「老婦形象」多以醜惡的姿態呈現。「少女形象」表現出純潔、無私等正面的形象。而「妻子形象」則多是表現出妻子的淫蕩、不貞等負面形象，這大概跟他對於身為人妻的秀茂子所產生的女性厭惡有所關聯。最後作品中呈現出男性對女性的恐懼，和對資本主義社會的絕望，以隐喻的手法暗示自己想回到母親的懷抱，直視自己宿命的根源。芥川文學中的女性人物不僅只投射出芥川個人的情感經歷和女性觀，也可以說描繪出了日本近代女性的縮影。新舊文化的衝突造成男女性差別觀念間的對立，婚姻形式也有所改變。「母親形象」反映出明治時期為了男女平等而提倡女性教育，政府卻為了「富國強兵」政策實施了「賢妻良母」這樣矛盾的思想教育，對「母親」有著許多封建思想的規範。而進入大正時期，女權主義逐漸萌芽，「新女性」的出現打破了日本固有的女性觀念和家庭制度，「自由戀愛」也成為當時的流行。作品中的人妻體現出多情、風流的特性，或是與丈夫外的男性有曖昧甚至是不倫的關係，愛的純粹性遭到懷疑。「新女性」實為當時被社會議論的對象，女性的貞操也成為當時熱議的話題。但大部分女性在經濟上依然只能依賴男性，生活範圍被限定在家庭中。芥川以諷刺的眼光寫出了近代化中「新女性」面臨的問題以及命運，在作品中抒發自己情感的同時也投入了對社會的關心。

關鍵字

芥川龍之介；女性觀；近代；文明開化；新女性

並列摘要

This thesis aims to discuss the female images that appear in the work of Ryunosuke Akutagawa' s life-long experiences as well as his enriched love affairs have been deeply influenced by women. He was brought up by his adopted parents and aunt after his mother had gone crazy.His relationships between his first love, Yayoi Yosita , and his wife, as well as his mistress, have been wedely researched. The works of Akutagawa have displayed a diversity of female images. By analyzing his works, this attitudes towards women and towards love can be understood. Besides, the newly introduced thoughts that had been derived from the Occidental World after the Meiji Restoration era have combined the Japanese tradition and contemporary western ideas. As one of the representative master writers of the Meiji era, it is important, in this thesis, to know how Akutagawa views women at that period of history as an intelectual male intellectual writer. This thesis includes the following parts. First, the literture review examines how the female images have changed from Akutagawa' s earlier works towards his later works. His relations with the intimate three women are examined as well as his changes towards female roles and concrpt of love are also investigated.Moreover, in comparison with the social thoughts of Meiji era and Taishō era, the females Images that appear in the works of Akutagawa are categorized into four types, including mothers, old women, young women, and wives. These roles are discussed to discover how different images have been displayed in different stages of Akutagawa' s life. The similarities and differences of these four images are discovered through analysis. The thesis has discovered that in regarding of the mother images, Akutagawa has revealed his the desire for an ideal mother role owing to his absence of maternal love in his early works. The ugly old woman image has appeared because his love is intruded by his aunt. The images of older women are thus often shown with ugly and wicked images, revealling the selfishness of old women. The images of young women represent the nature of purity and integrity, while the images of wives are often demonstrated as obsene, unloyal, and lustful. Finally, man's fearful attitudes towards women, as well as the despair towards a capitalism societ are revealed in his work, implying .The author's yearning for returning to his mother's embrace, which is deemed as the source of the fatal destination. The female images in Akutagawa's works do not only reveal his perdonal experiences and attitudes towards women, his works have also depicted the woman's status and miniature at that period of Japanese history. The cultural conclicts between the old and modern traditions have triggered the conceptual differences between men and women, resulting in the changes in the formations of marriage-involved love. The mother Images have demonstrated the intention for gender equality of the Meiji era, which is damaged by the government's campaign on reinforcing a militarilypowerful male society. Thus, an feudal and obedient mother image shows contradiction to gender equality. In Taishō era, the idea of new woman has begun budding, gradually breaking the traditional thoughts of female images and family system. Morality-free romance has become fad, and flirting and ambiguous unloyal love affair are outlined as doubts towards the rooted purity of love. Although thr concept of new woman is formed, women need to count on men economically and they are restrained from stepping out of the home domains. The works of Akutagawa sarcastically pinpointthe issues and fates of the new woman, and at the same time, he shows his concerns towards the changing society with his personal emotions embedded in it.