- 學位論文
親子互動對四個月嬰兒發聲量和發聲類別的影響
Effects of Parental Interaction on Infant Volubility and Vocal Type of Four-Month-Olds
摘要
本研究以靜止臉實驗（Still-Face Paradigm）為框架，探討4個月大嬰兒面對不同互動情境時，發聲量和發聲類型的變化。綜觀過去研究，嬰兒於2個月大開始與照顧者進行面對面的初始互動，藉由互動時母親給予嬰兒立即性的回應，進而習得自己的聲音和行為可影響照顧者的行為。Yato等人（2008）的研究指出4個月大嬰兒與母親進行靜止臉實驗時，在母親於實驗期停止互動時，嬰兒的正向表情和眼神凝視皆減少，但發聲量則無明顯變化。然而，4個月大嬰兒正值聲音發展的擴展期，在獨處或互動下，嬰兒皆可自由探索不同類型的發聲。故本研究假設4個月大嬰兒在面臨照顧者中斷互動時，能感知到互動情境有所改變，並能夠使用聲音作為吸引照顧者注意的主要策略之一，所以嬰兒發聲量的變化會隨情境而改變。本研究招募35名4個月大嬰兒及其照顧者，於個案家進行靜止臉實驗，實驗分成3種情境：（1）自然互動期（Face to Face , FF）：照顧者和嬰兒進行3分鐘的面對面自然互動；（2）靜止臉期（Still Face , SF）：照顧者停止和嬰兒互動，並呈現面無表情且持續2分鐘；（3）重新互動期（Reunion, RE）：照顧者重啟親子互動3分鐘。共兩位編碼者於實驗室進行嬰兒聲音和臉部表情編碼，並通過編碼一致性信度（kappa = 0.75）。嬰兒隨情境變化之發聲量結果顯示，於靜止臉期，嬰兒初始音與哭聲發聲量增加，笑聲發聲量減少。於重新互動期，初始音和哭聲發聲量下降，笑聲發聲量增加。然而，初始音與哭聲發聲時長則在重新互動時略為增加。本研究推論4個月大嬰兒已具有感知互動情境改變的能力，且能夠有意圖地在需要大人注意力及回到互動的情境當中，使用初始音與哭聲。此外，嬰兒亦藉由減少哭聲表達滿意於重新獲取大人的注意力及持續互動。
並列摘要
This study examined 4-month-old infants’ vocal responses to parents using the still face paradigm. Two-momth-old infants can already be actively and vocally involved in proto-conversations with their parents. Yato et al. (2008) investigated infants aged 4 and 9 months in still face paradigm. They found that both groups decreased their positive facial expressions, looked less time at their mothers, but infants aged 4 months did not show significantly different amounts of volubility when their mothers stopped interacting with them. Our current study examined whether 4-month-olds show different vocal responses during the three episodes of the “Still Face Paradigm (Tronick et al., 1978)”. Thirty-five 4-month-old infants and their parents were included in the study. At first the infant and the mother sat face to face and interacted freely for three minutes (i.e. Face to Face, FF). The mother stoped interacting but maintained her eye contact with the infant and her facial expression stayed neutral for two minutes (i.e. Still Face, SF). Last, the mother reengaged with the infant for three minutes (i. e. Reunion, RE). Results showed that infant’s number of protophones and cries increased from FF to SF, and decreased from SF to RE, and the percentage of time slightly increased from SF to RE. Our findings suggest that infants as early as four months may have learned that their vocalizations can mediate parents’ vocal behaviors. In addition, the percent time of infant protophones and cries continue to increase when the mother re-engaged with them, which may be related to the immature emotional regulation ability. Also, at 4 months, infant’s protophones are already accompanied by different facial affect, and show flexibility of usage of vocal types across different circumstances, consistant with findings of Jhang Oller(2017).