製造業中高齡勞工之人工搬運作業分析與改善建議

隨著工作年齡人口急遽高齡化，中高齡勞工作業職場之安全衛生議題愈來愈受到重視。本研究探討製造業中高齡勞工從事人工搬運作業之人因性危害風險，並提供適當的工作改善介入策略，以保護中高齡勞工的職場安全及健康。本研究結合中高齡職務再設計介入流程，針對從事抬舉推拉等作業的中高齡勞工，進行北歐肌肉骨骼症狀問卷(NMQ)調查，蒐集製造業中高齡勞工從事人工搬運作業的肌肉骨骼傷害現況，並透過主客觀評估工具，自覺施力量表(Borg CR10)、關鍵指標法(KIM LHC、KIM PP, 2001)，來分析製造業中高齡勞工從事抬舉推拉作業之人因性危害因子及建議可能的改善策略。本研究篩選98位研究對象，46位回覆有肌肉骨骼疼痛問題，結果顯示前三高有感不適部位為左、右肩及下背，比例皆超過70%。75位執行職務再設計，使用Borg CR10評估主觀感受，中高齡勞工自覺不適感受有明顯下降，從平均5.4分(吃力)降至2.7分(感覺適度)，達到顯著差異(p值<0.001)，使用關鍵指標法(KIM LHC、KIM PP)客觀評估製造業中高齡勞工長時間暴露、過度施力及不良工作姿勢等人因性危害因子，改善後評估風險值從平均23.8分降至11.1分，達到顯著降低(p<0.001)，而人因性危害因子中之不良姿勢及過度施力，皆達到顯著改善(p<0.001)。本研究透過作業分析發現，從事抬舉搬運作業的中高齡勞工最經常面對的人因性危害，為不當的姿勢及過度施力，在職務內容不改變的情況下，透過改善工作設備可立即改善不良的工作姿勢，以及減少徒手搬運導致的肌肉骨骼風險。

關鍵字

中高齡勞工；職務再設計；人因性危害； Borg CR10 ； KIM ；人工搬運作業

並列摘要

Now people are focusing on the health and safety needs of older workers more and more due to rapid aging workforce. The purpose of this research is to study ergonomic risk factors of manual handling for older workers (above 45), and provides intervention recommendations to ensure aging workers’ safety and health. The intervention of this research is combined with job accommodation for older workers’ intervention process. Objects of this research are older workers who are frequently lifting or carrying heavy work in their workplace. Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was applied to survey their musculoskeletal problems. This research evaluates both subjective and objective point of views by modifying Borg CR10 and Key Indicator Methods (KIM, 2001). Modified Borg CR10 was for evaluating older workers’ perception of heavy lifting work. KIM was applied for assessing physical workloads with respect to manual Lifting, Holding and Carrying of loads (KIM-LHC) and manual Pushing and Pulling of loads (KIM-PP), to analyze ergonomic risk factors. This research screened 98 older workers, and 46 of them replied with musculoskeletal problems. Left shoulder, right shoulder, and low back are the top three painful parts of body and individually all accounted for above 70%. 75 older workers received job accommodations. The result of paired sample t test, both Borg CR10 and KIM reached a significant difference. After intervention, Borg CR10 has dropped from average 5.4 points (feeling strenuous) to 2.7 points (feeling moderate). The risk value of KIM has dropped from average 23.8 points to 11.1 points. The risk value of body posture and load handling conditions had also improved significantly (p<0.001). After work analysis, awkward postures and overloading are hazards which older workers with manual handling jobs most likely face. These hazards can be diminished simply through improving the equipment as the work assignment unchanged.