臺灣五路、武財神信仰與神話敘事 ──以雲林縣北港武德宮為主

財神，自古以來常被民間寓意為天上的金玉主，人間的福祿神。因此，世人莫不祈求財神爺能庇佑財運亨通，金玉滿堂，福祿盈門。財神信仰在華人社會中具有相當悠久的歷史，是民間最常敬奉的神祇。儒、釋、道三教皆有財神。五路、武財神信仰為民間宗教信仰，以天官武財神趙公明統率掌管納福招財的招寶天尊、納珍天尊、利市仙官和招財使者等四位部屬神祗組合而成。本文將根據五路財神的神格意義所出現的時間和所具有的共時性和歷時性作出分類。由於臺灣五路、武財神信仰極為普遍，因此供奉五路財神為主祀神或同祀神，甚至是配祀神的宮、殿、寺、廟、祠、堂為數甚多，並且以玄壇元帥或天官武財神趙公明作為配祀神的廟宇亦四處林立。本論文即以台灣五路財神天官武財神信仰的神話傳說及其敘事為研究主題，並以雲林縣北港武德宮五路財神開基祖廟為主要考察和研究對象，同時凸顯信眾在追求財富的同時響應了天官武財神以利行義的道德精神與感召。論文亦將以五路財神趙公明的神格分類來標示其共時性與歷時性的歷史變化、特色與其特殊性，並且探討五路財神與社會的連結關係，從而對其結構化進行重點析論。本文研究乃以歷史文獻和實地田野調查為主要研究方法。論文首先進行名詞下定義，其次，探討五路財神信仰的產生背景與發展，接著概述五路財神所具有的相關祈財賜福功能，並且析論以「五」字稱號為首或為名的神祇與五路財神二者之間是否存在著任何關聯，並探討天官武財神趙公明以五路武財神在臺灣這移民型社會、宗教與信仰文化活動下的形態變化與功能性演變，同時也探究民間傳統習俗和民間宗教信仰中的巫文化在祈財儀式活動中的象徵意義。再其次，剖析北港武德宮武財神與新港東興廟池府王爺之間的淵源關係，以及深入探究池府王爺如何成為武財神趙公明出來濟世助人的引薦官的一段歷史淵源，並且考察武財神信仰在節慶和千秋誕辰中與信眾同歡共樂的儀式活動，以及神祗的靈驗事蹟和信眾之口頭傳述，以及在信眾之間流傳著的五路武財神的神話傳說。從文本內容、口傳和感情基調，重點分析祈財與補財的求財儀式與感應事蹟敘事。最後，總結五路財神信仰對臺灣本土民間信仰影響的生活模式、民俗文化發展、當代宗教慶典活動的「常與非常」和常民文化思維的「變與不變」等面向的影響。

關鍵字

五路財神；武財神；北港武德宮；民間信仰；社會文化功能

並列摘要

Since the immemorial times, God of Wealth is the mammon of the heaven and the mascot of the human world. People always pray for prosperity, wealth and longevity. The fortune culture has a fairly long history in the Chinese community and is the most common worshiping deity under the social structure of Taiwan. Almost all sectors and businesses regarding the God of Wealth as their most reverential god. Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have their respective God of Wealth. The faith of the Five Ways Gods of Wealth pertaining to the Taoist system, led by the heavenly military Wealth God, Zhao Gong Ming, comprising with lucky wealth God Zhao Bao Tian Zun, Precious Wealth Tian Zun, Fortune Fairy Official, and the Financial Messenger. Since Taiwan's Five Ways Gods of Wealth is very common, therefore, this thesis is mainly to study the myths and legends of the Military Wealth God and Five Ways Gods of Wealth and are widely spread amongst Taiwanese folks, take the Wu De Gong of Bei Gang of Yun Lin as the main investigation and research object, to collect stories of the Military Wealth God and the Five Ways God of Wealth in the public to make the audience relish of the effective stories, as well as the Five Ways Gods of Wealth ritual activities, so the worshipping of the Gods of Wealth, Five Ways Gods or the worshipping Temple, Monastery, Shrine, Ancestral Hall were numerous, and the temple for the worshipping of a single God for the Xuan Tan Yuan Shuai or Zhao Gong Ming temple is everywhere. The theme of the study is focusing on the myths, legends and narrations of the Gods of Wealth in Taiwan. It is mainly to investigate and study the temple of Bei Gang Wu De Gong in Yunlin County. At the same time, to highlight the faithfulness of the believers in responding to the moral spirit and inspiration of the Gods of Wealth in deed to do the ethical righteousness with interests. The research will also classify the historical changes, characteristics and particularities of synchronicity and chronology with the Military Wealth God and the Five Ways Gods of Wealth, and explore the relationship between the Military Wealth God and the Five Ways Gods of Wealth and society, so as to focus on its structural analysis. The research structure of this thesis is divided into four parts: First, to define the terms. Secondly, discussing the derivation of the development of the customs and habits of the Gods of Wealth in Taiwan and the summarizing the relevant blessing . Thirdly, exploring the stability and continuity of the gods with the title of “Five” in front, and combining with the results of the data collected in the fields and records, and analyzing the functional evolution and influence of the God of Wealth Zhao Gong Ming under the social, religious and cultural functions. At the same time, it also explores the symbolic significance of the traditional culture and folk culture in the religious ritual activities, which also explore the symbolic significant of the traditional witchcraft culture in the folk religious beliefs in the praying of ritual activities. Once again, focusing on the praying for wealth and to take the Wu De Gong of Bei Gang as the ancestral temple for the case study, to narrate its origin and historical development, as well as celebrations and ritual activities held, and relates the relationship between the Wu De Gong of Bei Gang and Dong Xing Temple of Xin Gang. And comprehensively analyze the historical source of how Chi Fu Wang Ye became the referral officer to recommend Zhao Gong Ming to help people, and also to explore the ritual activities of the God of Wealth, the philosophical deeds, and the verbalize of believers. Fourthly, focusing on the seeking of wealth and get store of wealth ceremony and the narrative prose, the influence of the local folk culture on the social structure, the contemporary religious celebrations, the social and cultural functions and the ordinary cultural thinking in the life mode of the folk religious belief. The myths and legends of the five ways gods are circulated among the believers. The mythical transcendental thinking of the holy and the vulgar, and the influence of the contemporary and the very realistic spiritual life. Finally, it sums up the oral narrative and influence of the Military god of wealth and the five ways gods of wealth on the life style in Taiwan folk culture development with its myths and legends, the "ordinary and extraordinary" of contemporary religious celebrations, and the "changeable and unchangeable" of the ordinary cultural thinking.