心智障礙者之財產權保障-以成年監護制度之不動產處分為中心

我國法定成年監護制度實務以「親屬監護」為最主要型態，同為親屬的監護人與被監護人之間，往往存在經濟利益衝突關係，倘若監護人因自我利益逕自處分受監護宣告人名下之不動產，不僅衝擊其財產權，更可能威脅無行為能力之心智障礙者之生存權。本文從整理國際公約、我國民法及家事事件法針對心智障礙者之財產權保護切入，瞭解法院於成年監護制度中之監督功能，並觀察近十年來監護人依據民法第1101條第2項聲請代為處分受監護宣告人不動產之法院裁定，評析於出賣、拋棄繼承、遺產分割、都更或危老重建等各類不動產處分事件中，法院判斷「受監護宣告人利益」之標準。此外，剖析日本成年後見制度、及美國成年財產監護制度之規範設計、及監護人職責，進而針對強化我國成年監護制度之「監護人監督機制」，提出以下四點立法建議：(一) 居住不動產之處分應尊重受監護宣告人之意思；(二) 不動產處分所得價金應強制監護信託；(三) 擴張監護人義務而接受培訓及定期為財產管理之報告；(四) 建構對監護人監督之社會網絡及成年監護資料庫。在成年監護制度邁向公法化發展之國際趨勢下，本文期望提醒我國超越法理框架，提升至「建構社會安全體系」之視角，引進數據管理、社會網絡支援等觀念與資源，強化對監護人之監督，持續推動成年監護制度之改革。

關鍵字

成年監護；心智障礙；財產權；不動產處分；監護人監督

並列摘要

In practice, kinship guardianship is the primary form of adult guardianship in Taiwan. The guardian and ward, who are relatives to each other, often have conflicting economic interests. The guardian’s, for their personal interest, disposing of the ward’s real estate infringes the ward’s property rights and threatens the right to life of a ward with intellectual disabilities who has no capacity to make juridical acts. Based on the property right protection for people with intellectual disabilities in international conventions as well as Taiwan’s Civil Code and Family Act, this study understood the court’s supervisory role in the adult guardianship system. It also explored the court’s rulings on guardians’ petitions, filed in accordance with Paragraph 2, Article 1101 of the Civil Code, for disposing of their wards’ real estate on behalf of the wards over the last 10 years. Then, this study determined the court’s standards on the interest of the ward in various cases of property disposition concerning the sale, waiving of the right to inheritance, and partition of inheritance the real estate, as well as urban renewal, or reconstruction of urban unsafe and old buildings. In addition, regulatory designs of and the guardian responsibilities specified in the Japanese adult guardian system and US adult property guardian system were analyzed to propose the following four legislative recommendations aimed at enhancing the supervisory system for guardians in Taiwan’s adult guardianship system: (1) Respect the decision-making capacity of wards in the disposition of residential property. (2) Enforce all profits gained from real estate disposition to be put into a custodial trust. (3) Expand the obligations of guardians, provide training to guardians, and request guardians to provide regular property management reports. (4) Establish a supervisory social network for guardians and an adult guardianship database. In the global trend that adult guardianship systems have gradually progressed into public laws, this study aims to push Taiwan beyond the legal framework and toward the establishment of a social security system. The study suggests that the Taiwanese government incorporate the concepts and resources of data management and social network support to enhance its supervision of guardians and continuously reform the adult guardianship system in Taiwan.