- 學位論文
明中葉到清初關於胡惟庸案的歷史書寫
The historical writing of "Hu Weiyong's case" from the mid-Ming to the early-Qing dynasty
摘要
胡惟庸案作為明代史上著名大案，但卻帶有諸多疑點。明洪武13年(西元1380年)，明太祖因中丞涂節(?-1380)告發胡惟庸謀反而誅胡惟庸並夥同陳寧等黨羽，之後廢除丞相制且以其「通倭」的罪名斷絕和日本的往來，史稱「胡惟庸案」。然而。胡惟庸的罪名究竟是「擅權植黨」還是「意圖謀反」？胡惟庸究竟有沒有「通倭」？更有甚者，晚明史家或謂告發胡惟庸者並非中丞涂節，而是當時鎮守西華門的太監雲奇。雲奇者何人？何以不見於正史之中？ 儘管胡案疑雲重重，卻帶給了嘉靖以來士人評論時政時的方便憑藉。嘉靖以降，由於政治、社會的危機，士人紛紛借鑒國初史事以應付時局。在這樣的氛圍下，胡案的形象也因不同議題的需要而被裂解。在倭寇議題上，胡惟庸被視為「通倭奸臣」，一肩扛起了有明一代所有倭寇進犯的責任；在宦官議題上，胡惟庸也以反派角色之姿締造了雲奇的「賢宦傳說」，成為了宦官教化的絕佳教材。這些不同的樣貌反映了不同書寫者的關懷與投射。本文欲以胡案的形象為對象，從歷史書寫的角度，考察其在不同的時代與議題中的變化。本文發現，晚明士人不但藉由胡案來表達自身的關懷，更以此與明初相連結並肯定明太祖的行為。而清代以後由於不復存在明末危機，胡案的形象也為之一變，同時對胡案中明太祖處置的評價也由正轉負。
並列摘要
The famous case of Hu Weiyong 胡惟庸 (1301-1380) in 1380 included several questionable points. After Tu Jie 涂節 (?–1380), the vice censor-in-chief, informed on the prime minister Hu Weiyong for treason, the Hongwu emperor executed Hu and his supporters, abolished the prime ministership, and severed the relations with Japan for Hu’s “collusion with Japanese pirates” (tongwo 通倭). The actual charge against Hu remained unclear. Was Hu incriminated for cultivating his own political faction or for his plot to commit treason? Did he really collude with Japan? Furthermore, some historians from Late Ming suggested that the one who informed on Hu was not Tu Jie but the eunuch Yunqi 雲奇. Who was Yunqi, and why was he left out in official history? Precisely because the case was involved with unresolved mysteries, many literati made use of the silence in the archive. While the Ming from the Jiajing era (1522–66) was riddled with social and political crises, commentators often resorted to historical precedents, using the Hu case to reflect upon their contemporary issues. As a result, Hu’s image varied in accordance with different agenda. When it came to the issue of piracy, Hu was deemed the treacherous official responsible for this enduring problem. In terms of eunuch education, Hu was the antagonist in the story of Yunqi, the legendary “virtuous eunuch” loyal to the dynasty. In other words, Hu’s many faces reflected the writers’ concerns and projections. Focusing on Hu’s different images, this thesis investigates historical writings in different times and see how his images evolved. I argue that for late Ming literati, interpreting the Hu case amid social and political crises offered them a space to show their approval for the founding emperor and thus connect with the glorious past. In contrast, since the crises no longer existed after the establishment of the Qing in China (1644), Hu’s image changed significantly, and literati’s evaluation of the Hongwu emperor’s management of this issue turned increasingly negative.