國民法官選任制度之研究—以美國法為借鏡

為了回應近年來司法改革中，讓人民參與審判的呼聲，在歷經十餘年各草案版本的研擬與修訂後，我國立法院於2020年7月通過「國民法官法」，開創我國刑事司法審判的新里程碑，期盼藉由讓國民進入法庭，與職業法官合審合判，提升對於司法的瞭解與信賴。由於國民法官法是採取混合立法模式，於選任程序的規範設計上採行美國法的陪審員選任方式，考量到國民法官一職對於判決結果的影響力，實有必要確保人選的公正性。立基於此，本論文的研究重心即在於探尋選任階段上各種可能影響程序公平性、有效性的問題，並以陪審員選任已行之有年的美國作為借鑑，輔以實務國民模擬法庭及研討會紀錄，試圖將美國之發展經驗帶回我國，作為未來如遇到相似爭議時的解決之道。因此本論文之第二章將從國民法官制度談起，首先說明制度的基礎架構，接著討論與選任程序相關的法律規定及選任流程，最後說明擔任國民法官承擔的權利及義務。第三章到第五章則為外國法的探討，先概述美國法陪審制度的精神與及陪審團的面貌，隨後將重點聚焦在陪審員的選任制度上，在介紹選任各階段的運作流程與基本法律規定後，接著進一步針對規範在實務運作上遇到的挑戰進行探討，並闡述實務界就此的應對措施。第六章則回歸到我國，以模擬法庭經驗、研討會紀錄等各界見解為基礎，探討選任程序在試行上曾出現的問題，並將美國的發展經驗與實踐引入，以探求值得我國效法或借鏡之處，而後嘗試提出解決建議，期能作為未來我國面臨挑戰時的參考依據。第七章則為本論文之結論，將綜合前面章節的研究發現做ㄧ總結，而後提出本文的看法與結語。

關鍵字

國民法官法；陪審員選任程序；附理由不選任；不附理由不選任；科學性選任；陪審員諮詢顧問；社群網路調查

並列摘要

In response to the request of citizen participation in trial in the judicial reform, the Legislative Yuan approved the " Citizen Judge Act " in July 2020 after ten years of dedication in enactment of the drafts. This act aims to enhance public’s understanding and confidence of judiciary by authorizing citizens to participate in trial with professional judges, which is a milestone in criminal justice of Taiwan. Due to the fact that the Citizen Judge Act adopts the characters of the American jury system in the selection procedure, the influence of citizen judges on the verdict should be taken into consideration, and ensuring the impartiality of citizen judges is essential. Therefore, this thesis focuses on exploring potiential difficulties which may worsen the fairness and effectiveness of selection process in Taiwan. In this paper, we first introduce the legal provisions and the operation of selection procedure both in the Taiwan’s Citizen Judge Act and the United States’ Jury System. Then we move on to discribe in details the challenges which have occurred in practical conditions in the Unite States and correspontive measures. Subsequently, based on the records and opinions from the moot court and seminars in Taiwan, we discuss the difficulties that have arisen in the selection process of the moot court. We take the development experience of the United States as a reference, addressing the concepts which are worth following or learning from. Lastly, we offer several recommendations for dealing with potential problems in Taiwan’s selection procedure as conclusion.

並列關鍵字

Citizen Judge Act ； Jury selection ； Voir Dire ； Challenge for cause ； Peremptory challenge ； Scientific jury selection ； Systematic jury selection ； Jury consultant ； Social media research