‘이다’句和‘是’字句對比及使用情況研究

繫詞在大部分的語言中基本上都表示"確認"和"屬性"的意思，並具有連接主詞和補語的語法功能。"이다"和"是"有共同點，就是在韓文和中文中起到連接主詞和補語的繫詞作用。但是，由於韓文和中文屬於不同的語言系統，因此作爲繫詞的語意功能和語法結構不同。這些差異會引起學習者的混亂。因此，爲了正確理解和使用"이다"和"是"字句，需要分析兩句的語意上的、語法上的對照和使用情況。本研究的目的是透過對比方式確認"이다"和"是"的特性和功能。本篇論文將"이다"句的語意功能分爲確認句、屬性句、存在及領有句、數量及時間句、分裂句、習用語句、模態句、提示句、隱含語意句等共9種功能，以瞭解與"是"字句的應對關係。通過這樣的語意對照可以看出，"이다"句和"是"字句如果表示繫詞的基本類型確認和屬性敘述，大體上會表現出相互對應的關係。相反，模態語意、習用語意等與基本類型有距離的句子則很難形成相互對應關係。爲了瞭解"이다"句和"是"字句的語法特性，對照主詞和補語位置上可以結合的成分了。以"이다"的句子爲例，主詞位置只能接名詞性成分，但"是"字句的話，主詞位置除了名詞性成分之外，也可以接動詞短語、形容詞短語、小句等非名詞性成分。 "이다"句的補語位置上名詞性成分之外，也可以使用副詞、助詞、詞尾、成語等更多的成分。"是"字句的補語位置，可以接比"이다"句更多樣的成分, 例如, 動詞短語, 形容詞短語、小句、連接詞、介詞短語、成語、 “的”字句等。這種語意功能及語法功能實際上如何出現，爲了確認實際使用情況，韓國國立國語院的世宗21 語料庫和臺灣中央研究院的sinica 語料庫書面資料（新聞報道-社會）中選取了1,000個例子進行了分析。分析結果顯示，確認、屬性等繫詞的基本語意功能的分佈率在兩個句子中都顯示出75%以上的高使用頻率，這代表韓文"이다"句和中文"是"字句的主要功能是繫詞功能。觀察了"이다"和"是"的前後位置可以結合的成分，發現這兩個句子都是結合名詞性成分的分佈率最高，這證明了至今爲止兩個句子的基本句型被討論爲" ‘NP1이 NP2이다"和"NP1是NP2"的合理性。以"이다"爲例，與名詞性成分的結合高達98%，從這一點來看，"이다"句在Pustet(2003)中提出的4種繫詞結合類型中屬於只結合名詞的類型。 "是"字句是除名詞性成分外，與動詞（短語）、形容詞（短語）、介詞短語、連接詞、小句等非名詞性成分結合的佔43.4%，幾乎佔了一半。由此，可以解釋爲"是"字句是Pustet（2003）的繫詞結合類型中，與名詞、形容詞、動詞都可以結合的類型。

關鍵字

繫辭； ‘이다’句； ‘是’字句；語料庫；語意功能；語法功能；使用情況

並列摘要

Copula basically means "identificational" and "ascriptive" has grammatical functions that connect the subject and complement in many languages, "ida" and "shi" have the same meaning as a copula that connects the subject and complement words in Korean and Chinese. However, since Korean and Chinese are different languages, the meaning and grammar of a copula are different. These differences can cause confusion among the learners. Therefore, in order to understand and use the words "ida" and "shi" correctly, the purpose of this study is to analyze the semantic, grammatical contrast and use of the two sentences, and to confirm the characteristics and functions of each sentence. In this paper, the semantic functions of "ida" sentence are divided into nine functions: identificational, ascriptive, existence and possessional, quantity and temporal, cleft sentence, idioms, modality, thetic and illogical, so as to understand. As a result, the sentences "ida" and "shi" represent the basic type "identificational" and "ascriptive" description of Copula, and generally show the corresponding relationship. Conversely, it has tended to be difficult to form correspondence with each other in cases such as modality and idiomatic meanings that are distant from the underlying types. In order to understand the grammatical characteristics of "ida" and "shi" sentences, compared the elements of the complement position. In addition to, the noun elements of the complement of the sentence "ida", more complicated elements such as adverbs, auxiliary words, suffixes and idioms can be used. In the sentence "shi", the complement can be used more than the sentence 'ida', e.g., verb phrase, adjective phrase, clause, conjunction word, preposition phrase, idiom, `de' sentence, etc. In order to confirm the actual usage, I selected 1,000 examples from Sejong 21 Corpus of the Korea and Sinica Corpus of the Taiwan. The results showed that the distribution rate of basic semantic functions of the determinants of "identificational" and "ascriptive" was more than 75 % in both sentences. It means that the main function of "ida" in Korean and "shi" in Chinese is the copula. Finally, the analysis of complement components of "ida" and "shi" showed that the ratio of "ida" to nominal components was as high as 98%. The ratio of "shi" to non-noun components such as verbs and adjectives is 43.4%. Therefore, in the conjunctive type of Pustet (2003), the sentence "ida" can be interpreted as the binding type of conjunction with "noun" and the "shi" sentence can be interpreted as the binding type of conjunction with "noun, adjective, verb".