北平輔仁大學與中西交通史的萌芽

本文以北平輔仁大學為個案，從學術機構之角度，分析史料收藏、時代回應、機構宗旨、人際網絡與典範傳承，如何促成中西交通史的萌芽與形塑？中西交通史大略在1920-30前後逐漸萌芽。然窮本溯源，可上溯至晚清域外史地、西北史地、元史學，與域外東方學之匯流。此專史類門之型塑，背後所體現之研究動能，除史料、方法之傳承外，亦反映在與歐洲文明交會後，知識分子再思對古代中國於世界上之地位。1922年梁啟超《中國歷史研究法》主張觀察「世界中的中國史」，1924年章太炎在〈救學弊論〉斥當代中國史研究是為外人而作，即反映了此專史之時代特性。1928年張星烺於《中西交通史料彙編》自序中對西與中的編排，明確表示出中西交通史，所欲回應西力東漸後重思歷史中的中國與世界這個時代提問。張星烺此作，為中西交通史的價值作了說明，也為此專史日後之研究，奠下重要的史料與方法基礎。輔仁雖非最早開設中西交通史課程之學校，然以下四大原因，使其在中西交通史萌芽歷程中，輔仁佔有重要關鍵。其一，陳垣長年擔任輔仁大學校長，張星烺擔任輔仁史學系主任，兩學人在中西交通史方面有重大貢獻，以此兩人外擴的人際網絡構成一中西交通史學術共和國。其二，輔仁因為是教會大學，教師來源相較北大、清華等校較不拘一格，且因為外國教會背景，長年有不同國籍學者任教其中，並參與相關學術活動，特別能顯現出其跨國性學術共和國特徵。其三，輔仁雖為一天主教會設立之教會大學，然主持者為中國人，且以國學研究作為創校之基礎，別具溝通天主教、西方科學與中國文化之意涵。中國基督教史本身即為中西交通的重要論題，輔仁在此方面有重大貢獻。例如陳垣對元代也里可溫之考據，即出自輔仁大學前身輔仁社的社課活動。其四，輔仁創校者與師生在中西交通史研究中具有承先啟後之特性。英華、馬良與陳垣、張星烺，上承晚清西北史地與天主教中國傳教史之史料與人際；張星烺、方豪又下啟中西交通史之研究典範。若以史學類門建構而言，輔仁大學在中西交通史研究萌芽中，實為重要之環節。本文除緒論與結論外，第二章〈中西交通史論題與萌芽背景〉，自晚清元史補證、西北史地與域外史地著手，說明西北、域外這些討論中西交通史的基本材料，何以逐漸開始受到晚清士人如魏源(1794-1857)、徐繼畬(1795-1813)、姚瑩(1795-1873)等注意，並著重於探討史家與史家間的材料承接及其人際網絡。進而討論域外東方學下漢學研究的「審邊塞」傳統，由十六世紀開始之傳教士如利瑪竇(Matteo Ricci，1552-1610)、金尼閣(Nicolas Trigault，1577-1628)，乃至十九世紀以來的歐美、日本學院漢學家如夏德(Friedrich Hirth，1845-1927)、伯希和、白鳥庫吉(1865-1942)，何以著重傳統士人所不在意的邊塞、族群、外來宗教問題，並梳理域外漢學家與晚清士人的交流中，如何逐漸將這項傳統，傳輸晚清士人與民國學者。第三章〈輔仁創校、課程與中西交通史研究傳統〉，探討輔仁大學的設立背景，自英華、馬良籌辦輔仁社談起，並整理二人之教會背景、政界背景，說明二人投入基督宗教高等教育與明清天主教研究的各項原因，揭出史料優勢與中西交通使命，乃輔仁自創校即著重於中西交通史的重要背景因素。續論陳垣、張星烺二人的治學歷程與學術貢獻，說明二人如何為輔仁立下中西交通史的研究典範，以及陳垣接掌輔仁大學，如何透過其人際網絡羅致師資團隊，建立中西交通史課程。第四章〈輔仁對中西交通史產生之影響〉，對輔仁三大學術刊物《輔仁學誌》、《輔仁英文學誌》(Bulletin of the Catholic University of Peking)、《華裔學誌》(Monumenta Serica)刊載之中西交通史論題發展進行分析，並討論專書出版與後期教師研究成果，證明輔仁已然何成為一跨學校、跨國界之中西交通史學術共和國。北平輔仁大學由於其創校背景與史學系執行者陳垣、張星烺之傳統奠定、學術共和國創建與葉德祿、方豪的典範傳承，為促成此中西交通史萌芽之重要關鍵。輔仁或不足以呈現中西交通史萌芽之全貌，惟在此領域之發展過程中，確然舉足輕重，扮演關鍵性的角色。

關鍵字

北平輔仁大學；學術共和國；中西交通史；現代中國史學

並列摘要

This thesis takes Fu-Jen Catholic University of Peking as an example, investigating social networks, rare books collection, and the transmissions of methods between teachers and students. More importantly, I want to unveil the mysteries of the development of the research on Chinese and Western civilization in China. The History of Sino-Foreign Relations(the history of communication of ancient Chinese and Western civilization)started in 1920’s. But if we trace back to its origin, the root of The History of Sino-Foreign Relations can trace to the history of Yuan empire, historical and geographical on north-western China and foreign Countries, and the Oriental study in late Qing. The reason why this historical research became more significate include the books inherited, scholars social network, and the role of foreign civilization in Chinese history. When meet the other civilization. The clue of this thesis can found in Liang, Chi-Chao’s 中國歷史研究法(1922) and Chang, Tai-Yan’s 救學弊論(1924). In Chang, Hsing-Lang's foreword of The Materials for a History of Sino-Foreign Relations(中西交通史料彙編序)(1930), he told us that the aim of doing research on twenty century Chinese: to prove the importance of China in the world history, and the significant of other civilization in Chinese history. Fu-Jen Catholic University of Peking is not the first university to teach The History of Sino-Foreign Relations. But there are some reasons Fu-Jen Catholic University was still famous for studying The History of Sino-Foreign Relations. First, the founders Yin-Hua and Ma-Liang collected some publication of Catholic during late Ming to early Qing. Therefore they planned to educate Catholic in influential scholars in the department of history. Second, there were two Chinese professor Chen Yuan and Chang Hsing-Lang, two necessary historians about The History of Sino-Foreign Relations, directing and teaching in department of history of Fu-Jen Catholic University of Peking for long time, training some second generation historian. Third, as a “Christian background” university, Fu-Jen have multiple background teacher, and it built up a academic exchange network with Chinese scholars and foreign Sinologists. This thesis have five chapters. Except introduction and conclusion, chapter 2 analyzing how did The History of Sino-Foreign Relations growth on the basis of traditional history in late imperial China and sinology. Chapter 3 will focusing on the development of history department of Fu-Jen Catholic University of Peking, which was famous for The History of Sino-Foreign Relations. Chapter 4 will investigate the achievement of history department publications of Fu-Jen Catholic University of Peking. Nowadays, The History of Sino-Foreign Relations is still an important subject in Chinese society. Fu-Jen Catholic University, was undoubtedly played a crucial role on establishing a model on research The History of Sino-Foreign Relations, educating new scholars, and creating a crossing-boundaries academic community, ”Republica Literaria”.