中共反恐戰略之研究： 東突厥斯坦案例分析

本研究以中共反恐戰略為分析視角，從其發展歷程，了解官方論述及政策如何建構中共之反恐體系，分析層次囊括集體安全之聯合國層面、區域層面及雙邊層面，最後以東突厥斯坦為例，分析中共反恐戰略於國內治理之運用。自九．一一事件後，中共才建構出較為明晰之反恐戰略，並在反恐議題上推進其所提出之新安全觀，積極納入國際反恐合作之議程，中共除了由全球反恐視角出發，更納入本土化需求，如其所稱之三股勢力─東突厥斯坦民族分裂勢力、恐怖主義和極端宗教主義，在建立自身反恐論述後，進一步完善內部反恐法律架構，建立集體領導之反恐行政機制，除國家反恐怖工作領導小組外，尚有綜整國家安全事務之中央國家安全委員會，同時納入有關部門共同打擊恐怖主義；中共反恐戰略體現於國際合作方面，九．一一事件後中共官方宣稱支持及配合聯合國之反恐機制，中國為聯合國安全理事會之常任理事國，自然在集體安全機制中扮演重要的角色，而區域層面除了其所主導之上海合作組織，尚參與諸多反恐議題之區域多邊對話及合作平台，隨著一帶一路推進，與沿線國家亦有反恐層面之安全合作，可見逐步實踐參與國際反恐機制之過程。研析中共反恐戰略，由東突厥斯坦案例可知，其問題根源自古有之，但在九．一一事件後，順應國際反恐潮流，中共將東突厥斯坦有關組織及人員打擊為恐怖主義，在新疆地區推動相關反恐政策，極力壓制東突勢力於中國發展，意在穩定新疆地區治理，強化政權統治之合法性。綜合以上討論，中共反恐戰略之建構，係以國家利益為最高考量，除了強化國際事務之參與，同時建構自身話語權，如同美國於反恐戰爭中建立合法性，爭取人民及國際社會支持，獲得實踐權力的基礎，中共舉反恐大纛以打擊內部敵對勢力，運用於國內治理，此種簡化，在最大程度上謀取了國家利益，而模糊了中國內部更為複雜之東突厥斯坦問題。

關鍵字

中國共產黨；反恐；東突；國家利益

並列摘要

This research elaborates on the Chinese Communist Party’s (hereafter refer to CCP) perspective of counter-terrorism strategy, analyzing the development context at United Nations, regional, and bilateral levels. This research takes the case of East Turkestan for precedent, stressing the domestic governance in Xinjiang under CCP regime. Since the 9/11 attacks, CCP has constructed a comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy, combing with “New National Security Concept”, and localizes the context of terrorism to include the influence of separatists, religious extremists and terrorists. This research tries to systematize counter-terrorism measures and responses under collective leadership of CCP. After constructing counter-terrorism discourses, CCP has formed a complete counter-terrorism legal system and mechanism. At international cooperation level, People's Republic of China, as a permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council, participates in the UN counter-terrorism mechanism. At regional cooperation level, CCP leads the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and takes part in other regional organizations and platforms. At the end of this part, this research stresses bilateral counter-terrorism cooperation of CCP. The further analysis of the East Turkestan in Xinjiang indicates that CCP supresses East Turkestan. Since the 9/11 attacks, CCP has taken action resolutely to fight terrorism and extremism in Xinjiang in order to safeguard its sovereignty, and stigmatized East Turkestan as terrorism. In conclusion, counter-terrorism strategy of CCP bases on the national interest. CCP tackles the issues of East Turkestan in Xinjiang by utilizing counter-terrorism strategy, which might neglect the human rights of ethnic minorities.