我國港灣疏浚工程相關爭議與 FIDIC疏浚工程標準契約條款之研究

港灣疏浚工程不同於一般陸地上營建工程，其作業環境位於水面之下，施工時須考慮水下作業環境、可能之水下障礙物、浚挖區域底質泥砂特性、漁業及航運業營運動線、天候與浪高因素及船機整備動員等諸多因素，如無適當地將其特性納入考量進行風險分配之調整，必然將因此滋生許多實務爭議。國際實踐上，國際諮詢工程師聯合會（International Federation of Consulting Engineers，FIDIC）於2006年即針對疏浚工程發行第一版疏浚工程標準契約條款（FIDIC Form of Contract for Dredging and Reclamation Works，The Blue Book），亦稱作藍皮書，後續並在2016年再發行第二版疏浚工程標準契約條款，更清楚且合理平衡業主與承包商間之風險分配。有鑑於國際上之發展趨勢，本論文擬以港灣疏浚工程為中心，整理我國實務上常見爭議問題，並以FIDIC疏浚工程標準契約條款為借鏡，進行統合比較討論，期得作為日後我國港灣疏浚工程實務上契約擬定及執行時之參考，促使合理分配及控制風險，以減少相關履約爭議之發生。本文研究結論認為，我國現行公共工程委員會之工程採購契約範本並非完全適用於港灣疏浚工程，工程會宜適當參考FIDIC新藍皮書之相關規定，擬定專用於港灣疏浚工程之工程採購契約範本，或就現行工程採購契約範本進行契約條款之調整，以達減少履約爭議之目的。茲就我國港灣疏浚工程實務相關爭議分成自然因素、人為因素與迴淤因素三種，分別提出以下各項建議。在自然因素之地質資料上，本文認為宜於契約條款規定，由業主應提供工地現場之地質、土壤狀況與特性之資料，以此作為承包商對於工地現場地質條件之實際預期範圍，而承包商應有至工地現場勘察之義務，惟應適當考量其進行現場調查所需之時間與費用，包含如等標期間過短或備標成本過高之情形，以利權衡風險之分配。就自然因素之天候與水文上，本文認為在契約條款之規定上，宜將水文條件另外列出於天候條件之外，並業主得提供工地現場全面且詳細之天候與水文條件資料，作為劃設承包商之預期天候與水文條件之範圍，以利於其評估風險並選用適宜浚挖船機設備。就人為因素之障礙物上，本文認為如係一有經驗之承包商無法藉由事先調查或地質資料可推知之障礙物，則應由業主與承包商共同承擔風險，並宜在契約中確立障礙物之分類及約定風險分配，所謂障礙物應係較偏不具危險性之廢棄物。就人為因素之港區船舶出入上，本文認為宜於契約條款規定，由業主說明或提供港區船舶出入狀況資料，以此作為承包商預期受干擾次數及影響之範圍，以利承包商評估風險，選擇適宜之工法與船機設備。就迴淤因素上，本文認為宜分成經常性迴淤與突發性迴淤分別討論迴淤問題，在經常性迴淤方面，宜於契約條款規定，業主得視情況允許承包商展延工期，且承包商應向業主適時反應與發出警告之通知；在突發性迴淤方面，契約條款規定上不宜一律要求由承包商獨自承擔風險，如工程之施工期間長、工區範圍大，則宜於契約條款中擬定部分驗收之規定，避免後續再因其他自然或人為因素而致迴淤滋生糾紛。

關鍵字

FIDIC疏浚工程標準契約條款； FIDIC藍皮書；疏浚工程；港灣疏浚工程

並列摘要

A harbour dredging work is typically much more complex than other construction works. It usually includes underwater excavation, which requires rather sophisticated technology to obtain accurate information such as soil and sediment conditions of the dredging area. Climatic, hydrological conditions, ship movements and dredger mobilizations are also important factors for a dredging project. FIDIC, International Federation of Consulting Engineers, published the first edition of standard contract for dredging works in 2006 (as known as FIDIC Form of Contract for Dredging and Reclamation Works, The Blue Book). The second edition is released in 2016, which is more user-friendly and more specific to dredging industry. In light of the above mentioned, this thesis focuses on FIDIC Blue Book and related disputes on habour dredging projects in Taiwan. This study concludes that the current contract for construction of PCC, Public Construction Commission Executive Yuan, may be unsuitable for dredging works in Taiwan. To avoid possible disputes, PCC shall refer to the related clauses of FIDIC Blue Book. PCC may draft a special contract for dredging constructions or adjust provisions of the current contract to provide more specific guidance. This study classifies disputes on harbour dredging works in Taiwan into three categories: natural factors, human factors and siltation factors. Few suggestions are followed along the above categories. For soil conditions of natural factors, the employer shall provide contractors with a geological base report as the reference for soil conditions of the dredging area. On the other hand, contractors shall investigate the site within reasonable time and cost. This establishes expecting soil conditions around the dredging area. For climatic and hydrological conditions of natural factors, clearly allocating risks of climatic and hydrological conditions is recommended. Employers shall provide contractors with detailed climatic and hydrological information of the dredging area. For obstacles of human factors, clarifying the definition of obstacles in the contract is suggested. Employers shall bear the risk if an unexpected or hazardous obstacle occurs on the site. For ship movements of human factors, employers shall provide information of ship movements in the dredging area. This allows contractors to choose proper dredgers and methods of the dredging project. For siltation factors, contractors shall be entitled to extend time for completion within prompt notification to the employer. The provisions of partial taking-over shall be planned well to avoid disputes in cases of sudden siltation, where it is unfair for contractors to bear the risk.