韓國第五至第六共和國憲法之變遷：總統四年連任制爭議之視角

在本文中，筆者主要會通過選用法實證主義下的社會法學作為研究途徑的出發點，利用社會法學的分析方法中形式-現實-理想-現實的研究途徑，將應然的法與實然的法之間的關聯以及其轉換形式作為本文研究的最終落腳點。應然之法即應該存在但並未真實存在的法，實然之法即第五共和國和第六共和國的憲法規範條文所映射的含義。筆者將會通過對第五共和國憲法和第六共和國憲法的綜合性分析，最終將第五共和國和第六共和國憲法進行一定的評價。通過對第五共和國和第六共和國憲法的深入探究，筆者意圖推演出為何韓國第六共和國憲法最終取代第五共和國憲法。由於「實然-應然」這個環節需要借助具體制度進行分析，筆者將會以第六共和國憲法修正的焦點問題「四年制連任制度」作為研究對象，主要從四年制連任制度與社會現實的適應性，四年制連任制度與社會現實的衝突以及四年制連任制度與社會現實衝突的解決途徑這幾個方面進行論述。關於四年制連任制度與社會現實的適應性，筆者將會通過經濟，政治，民主文化進行列舉後進行歸納分析。關於四年制連任制度與社會現實的衝突性，筆者將會通過列舉分析韓國修憲的歷史，從而希望借助歷史的分析突破對於“4年連任制度等於總統無限期連任”命題的依賴。關於四年制連任制度與社會現實衝突的解決途徑，筆者將會從三個方面進行探究。首先，四年連任制度可以促使選民對政治體系中的政治執政者更加直接的予以課責。其次，四年制連任可以大大的提高當選者的政治責任感，同時相應的責任追究也會更加便利。最後，四年制連任的制度會使得總統和國會的選舉期間同時進行或者時間相一致。面對著四年制連任制度與社會現實的衝突，筆者將採取憲法的「規範讓位於現實的解決方法」作為此次研究的起點，分別從憲法解釋、憲法修改、違憲審查制度進行探究。筆者試圖通過不同的三個層次，從解釋經修改到審查，去完善憲法自身發展的體系，促使憲法可以在內部必然的自發的發展，從而推進憲法的改良優化。

關鍵字

韓國憲法；韓國總統；韓國政治；四年制連任制度；韓國憲法修改

並列摘要

In this thesis, As the starting point of the research, the author chooses the social law under the legal positivism and use the approach of form-reality-ideal-reality as the analytical method of social law. This thesis analyzes the relationship between the due law and the actual law so as to find its form of transformation as the final destination of this study. The author makes a comprehensive analysis of South Korea’s Constitutions of the Fifth and the Sixth Republics. Through an in-depth study of the Constitutions of the Fifth and Sixth Republics, the author intends to deduce the reason why the Constitution of the Sixth Republic eventually replaced that of the Fifth Republic. As the "reality-ought" needs to be analyzed with the help of specific systems, the author takes the "four-year re-election system" as the research objective, which focuses on the constitutional amendment of the Sixth Republic. As of the main discussion, the author finds the adaptability of the four-year re-election system to social reality, the conflict between them, and the ways to solve the conflict between the four-year re-election system and social reality. As for the solution of the conflict between the four-year re-election system and social reality, the author mainly explores three aspects. First, the four-year re-election system can make voters more directly accountable to the political rulers in the political system. Secondly, four-year re-election can greatly improve the political responsibility of the elected, and the corresponding accountability will be more convenient. Thirdly, the four-year re-election system will lead to simultaneous or coincide time of presidential and congressional elections. Faced with the conflict between the four-year re-election system and social reality, the author adopts the "norm giving way to reality" of the Constitution as the starting point of study. The author tries to improve the system of constitutional development through three different levels, i.e., from interpretation, amendment to review. The aim is to promote the inevitable and spontaneous development of the Constitution in the interior, as well as the improvement and optimization of it.