- 學位論文
水溶性蜂膠處方及其療效之研究
The study of formulation and therapeutic effects of water soluble propolis extracts
摘要
全世界蜂膠的製造一直在增加當中，主要的蜂膠製造商包括大陸、巴西、美國、澳洲和烏拉圭。類黃酮（flavonoids）是蜂膠具生物活性的主要成分，至少有38種類黃酮被發現存在蜂膠之中，許多文獻都指出蜂膠具有很強的抗微生物效果，已經證實的，至少對16種細菌（包括MRSA）、4種黴菌和多種濾過性病毒（包括?疹病毒; herpes）有抑制作用。其他的治療功效，包括抗癌作用、抗氧化作用、傷口癒合與組織修復作用、麻醉、免疫系統功能、心臟血管作用及牙齒保健作用。臨床研究指出，蜂膠可以有效治療氣管炎及其他類似疾病，牙齦炎和牙菌斑、癬病與皮膚黴菌感染、皮膚潰瘍、燒傷和膿瘍、耳疾、陰道和子宮頸炎、梨形鞭毛蟲病（giardia）。 早期蜂膠的萃取主要以酒精為主，但這種傳統式的醇抽取法無法有效萃取礦物質且抽出物中的蠟質含量相當高，1976年Salomon, Sven E.於蜂膠粉末中加Mg gluconate 溶於水加熱沸騰以增加蜂膠於水中之溶解度，1982年Trandafir, V.等人以蜂膠加Collagen hydrolyzate溶入酒精水溶液中製成劑型。本研究基於蜂膠之親脂性及親水性之考量，希望製得一安定性高，適用於口服的劑型，因此於50﹪w/w乙醇蜂膠萃取液中添加助溶劑PG (propylene glycol)、乳化劑pluronic F-68、cremophor RH 60以增加其水溶性。 故本實驗分為二大部份： (一)為水溶性蜂膠處方的研究 由第一部分的實驗得一水溶性處方： 50 % w/w Ethanol Propolis Extract 20 g PG 50 g Pluronic F-68 20 g Dis H2O 10 g Cremophor RH60 50 g (二)水溶性蜂膠萃取液療效的研究 第二部分的實驗共分為三大部分 (1)抗癌：蜂膠對於以DMBA誘致倉鼠頰袋癌的化學預防作用。 (2)抗自由基：(a)以黏度測定法。(b)以黃嘌呤---黃嘌呤氧化產生之生化反應，探討蜂膠萃取液對活性氧類與超氧自由基的抗氧化能力。 (3)對精蟲活動力的影響 其中抗癌的實驗需要進一步的設計外，抗自由基的實驗證實蜂膠萃取液確實具備良好的抗氧化能力，且水溶性蜂膠萃取液比傳統的酒精性蜂膠萃取液效果好。而對精蟲活動力的影響，因為蜂膠萃取液雖具備SOD之類似活性，但也因為SOD無法去除影響精蟲品質的ROS，故對精蟲活動力沒有任何正面影響。 本論文的重要突破之一是建立了蜂膠在一些療效試驗中的實驗模式，希望能對天然物質的研究者，提供了一點可行的方針和拙見。
關鍵字
蜂膠並列摘要
World propolis production is increasing substantially. Major producers include China, Brazil, US, Australia and Uruguay. Flavonoids account for much of the biological activity in propolis. At least 38 flavonoids have been found in propolis because of the high levels of flavonoids in propolis. This product has high value as an antioxidant and as free radical scavenger in humans. A large number of studies have shown propolis to be highly antimicrobial. Propolis has been found to have an inhibitory effect on at least 16 species of bacteria (including MRSA), 4 species of fungi, and a range of viruses (including herpes). Propolis has been shown to have a range of other therapeutic properties, including anticancer effects, antioxidant effect, wound healing and tissue repair effects, anesthetic effects, effects on immune and cardiovascular system and dental care effects. Clinical studies have shown propolis to be effective in the treatment of bronchitis and similiar disorders, such as gingivitis, plaque, ringworm, skin fungi, skin ulcers, burns and abscesses, ear diseases, vaginal and cervical inflammation, and giardia. In the past, ethanol extraction was the major method for refining propolis, but it was not as effective in extracting minerals and contained high wax content in such products by this classical method. Salomon, Sven E. in 1976, mixed propolis powder and magnesium gluconate together in water, then boiled it to elevate the solubility of its properties in water. Trandafir et al., in 1982, prepared propolis products by combining it with collagen hydrolyzate in an ethanol solution. In this study, based on the lipophilic and hydrophilic properties of propolis, we tried to develop an oral preparation of propolis with a high stability over a long period of time. We added cosolvent PG, emulsifying agent pluronic F-68 and cremophor RH60 to 50% w/w ethanol propolis extract to increase its aqueous solubility. The two objectives that we research in this study are (1) study the formulation of the water-soluble propolis extracts (2) the therapeutic effect of water-soluble extract of propolis. The result of our first study was a water-soluble preparation that contains 20 grams of 50% w/w ethanol propolis extract , 50 grams of PG, 20 grams of pluronic F-68, 10 grams of distilled water, and 50 grams of cremophor RH60. The second part of this study was divided into 3 groups: (1) anti-cancer effect (the preventive effect of propolis to DMBA-induced buccal cancer of hamsters) (2) anti-oxidant effects, i.e. the anti-free radical effects (Evaluating the anti-oxidization effect of propolis extracts for superoxide free radicals and reactive oxygen species by viscosimetry and the biochemical reaction of xanthine and xanthine oxidase respectively (3) the effects on sperm motility. The results have shown that we need further investigation about the anti-cancer effect of propolis. The water-soluble propolis extract has a better anti-free radical effect than the classical ethanol propolis extracts. Although propolis extract has a similar activity as SOD, SOD can not eradicate the negative effect of ROS on sperm. So propolis extract has no positive effect on sperm motility. One of the major objectives of this study was to establish some new experimental models for the evaluation of the therapeutic effects of propolis. We hope these new models will offer the researchers some different alternatives in studying natural materials.