- 學位論文
某工業都市小學孩童揮發性有機化合物的暴露情形
VOC exposure of elementary children in an industry city
摘要
本研究目的為探討工業都市孩童揮發性有機物之暴露，選取的地區是高雄市。高雄都會區是台灣第二大城也是個工業密集的都市，龐大的居住人口，大量的工業製造、交通運輸等過程，都會產生揮發性有機氣體(VOC)。長期暴露於揮發性有機氣體會損害肝臟，腎臟及中樞神經系統等不良的健康影響。孩童屬於敏感族群，因為以單位重量的基礎來看，孩童吸入更多的空氣污染物，再者他們待在戶外活動的機會比成人多，因此選取小學孩童作為研究對象。 本研究使用被動式採樣管分別選取此工業都市位於交通、工業與市區等三間小學進行校園、家戶與個人採樣。樣本分析使用氣相層析質譜儀（GC / MS）進行分析。 本研究選取36種常見之VOC，將此36種VOC加總定義為本研究總揮發性有機化合物(TVOC)。校園部分連續量測三年 (2009 ~ 2011)，交通國小、工業國小與市區國小三間校區於研究期間TVOC室內平均濃度範圍分別為51.69 ppb ~ 188.73 ppb, 9.74 ppb ~ 92.10 ppb, 與 7.57 ppb ~ 18.03 ppb。三間國小於室外平均濃度範圍分別為18.47 ppb ~ 42.25 ppb, 12.04 ppb ~ 59.15 ppb, 與7.70 ppb ~ 23.38 ppb。由三年的數據顯示，校園揮發性有機化合物濃度暴露以芳香類為主，物種分析以3-Ethyltoluene為主要汙染物。總結三間學校，揮發性有機化合物濃度具顯著差異，以交通國小最高，市區國小最低。家戶室內外TVOC平均(標準差)濃度分別為84.40ppb (80.37ppb)與70.50ppb (71.01ppb)。家戶揮發性有機化合物濃度暴露以芳香類為主，以Toluene與3-Ethyltoluene為主要汙染物。個人春、秋季TVOC平均(標準差)濃度分別於交通國小、工業國小與市區國小三間校區濃度分別為20.21 ppb (13.52 ppb)、18.52 ppb (19.53 ppb)與13.18ppb (21.46 ppb)；秋季濃度為25.58 ppb (18.21 ppb)、38.23 ppb (14.32 ppb)與21.68ppb (13.35 ppb)。交通國小與工業國小濃度相當，市區國小濃度最低。個人揮發性有機化合物濃度暴露以芳香類為主，以Toluene與3-Ethyltoluene為主要汙染物。 校園與個人的濃度結果均顯示市區國小濃度最低，顯示此工業都市不同區域之VOC濃度不同，與室外是否有顯著污染源相關。由室內外濃度比較，發現當室內有污染源時，使得室內濃度高於室外濃度。當VOC來自室外時，可以透過限制室外空氣進入，或是過濾室外VOC的方式減少暴露；當VOC來自室內時，減少使用產生VOC的物品，例如：油漆、黏膠；使用低VOC排放材料和個人防護產品，使用環境友善的物品，與保持室內良好通風，以控制室內污染源。最終的目的為減少個人VOC之暴露。
並列摘要
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important due to frequent presence in the environment and associated with several adverse health effects, such as damaging to the liver, kidneys, central nervous system, and causing cancers. VOCs are largely originated from traffic and industrial sources. Therefore, high concentrations are expected in an industrial city where there are an abundance of industrial activities and large population. Assessment of VOC exposure in an industrial city is an important issue, especially for children. The main objective of this study is to assess child exposure to VOCs in an industrial city. This study sampling strategies were designed by placing passive samplers in elementary schools, and household; additionally, study subjects were asked to wear passive samplers in three districts which are representatives of traffic, industry and downtown areas. Sample extracts were analyzed by a gas chromatography / mass spectrometer (GC/MS). VOCs were investigated in schools for three years. Mean indoor TVOC concentration ranges in traffic, industry and downtown schools were 51.69 ppb ~ 188.73 ppb, 9.74 ppb ~ 92.10 ppb, and 7.57 ppb ~ 18.03 ppb, respectively。Mean outdoor TVOC concentration ranges were18.47 ppb ~ 42.25 ppb, 12.04 ppb ~ 59.15 ppb, and 7.70 ppb ~ 23.38 ppb, respectively. Results show higher VOC concentrations found in traffic school, and lower VOC concentrations found in downtown school. Aromatics are the most dominant compounds. As for household results, TVOC concentrations did not show significant differences between indoor (84.40ppb) and outdoor (70.50ppb). As for personal results, personal mean TVOC concentrations (SD) of spring and fall were20.21 ppb (13.52 ppb) and 25.58 ppb (18.21 ppb)in the traffic school;18.52 ppb (19.53 ppb) and 38.23 ppb (14.32 ppb) in the industry school;13.18ppb (21.46 ppb) and 21.68ppb (13.35 ppb) in the downtown school, respectively. Aromatics are the most dominant compounds personal exposure concentrations. Both school and personal results show that downtown school had the lower VOC concentrations. This indicates that different districts had different VOC distributions. This may be due to different outdoor sources in these three districts. In addition to outdoor sources, indoor sources are important. Significant indoor sources can cause higher indoor concentrations. Thus, outdoor sources control can be achieved by restricting penetration and removal of VOCs by filtration. Indoor sources control can be achieved by using low-emission products, avoiding some personal-care products, cleaning products, and implementing a good ventilation system. All these efforts are trying to reduce personal VOC exposure.