製造錢謙益——明清之際書寫活動中的錢謙益身分建構

摘要當甲申之變，大批文人面臨政治抉擇，自我認同亦隨身分改變而產生極大轉折，錢謙益 (1582-1664) 乃其中最具代表性者之一。順治三年 (1646) 六月，錢謙益辭官歸鄉。而後，志意尤越昔日，白頭仍可攀援。其逐步確立對自我身分的認知，將隱微心緒託言於詩，在《牧齋有學集》中留存入清後無盡心事。籠罩在明清易鼎的陰影下，牧齋詩常在可解與不可解之間，論者多以政治託喻為其詩作解，本文深入詩作文本，重新審視錢謙益在詩中對一己身分的認知與定義，再現書寫活動中錢謙益的身分建構過程。本論文以「製造錢謙益」為題，立足於了解明清之際文人如何面對自我與他人之研究興趣，以錢謙益作為起點，透過錢謙益唱和、投贈他人的詩作，圍繞錢謙益周邊文人對其定義、錢謙益自我定義，及錢謙益於詩中展露之史家心眼展開研究。本文第二章探討錢謙益與林古度、盛集陶、龔鼎孳、周亮工、顧夢游等人唱和詩作。詩語中的隱謎、流動著的複雜、糾結的心事，都叩擊著詩人、和詩者與後世讀者——錢謙益為己建構的形象面對他人自我認同之時的身分流轉始終未停。第三章分析錢謙益與假我堂、望社、高會堂諸人的投贈詩作，其傾吐故國隱衷，於流傳千載的志士形象上寄託自我心志，其中呈顯的，不唯伍子胥一人，更包括伍子胥在歷史過程中層累生成之種種意義，甚而將古今志士如豫讓、專諸等一同納入，錢謙益的自我形象愈發鮮明。第四章觀察詩人在修史未竟後，於長詩的意義空間中構築的世界。所發揚者，其一，為對天地世界的理解，其二，在無法挽回的現實世界的失敗過後，詩人開闢鴻蒙，發掘與構建超越一朝一姓的世界，寄寓新的歷史意識與興廢思考。在書寫中，由「詩史」渡入「心史」一脈，詩人自為標置的史家身分在其中獲得彰顯。以錢謙益為視角檢視明末清初詩壇，是可展現「錢謙益」身分既在詩人自身的定義中，亦在他人的觀看之中流動。「錢謙益」便在這一流動過程中逐漸建構而成。關鍵詞：錢謙益、身分認同、自我定義、和詩、心史

關鍵字

錢謙益；身分認同；自我定義；和詩；心史

並列摘要

Abstract At the time of the Ming-Qing transition, a large number of literati facing with political choices, and their self-identity took a dramatic turn with the change in status. In June 1646, Qian Qianyi resigned from his official position and returned to his hometown. Afterwards, his aspirations were more than ever. He gradually established his own identity and entrusted his hidden thoughts to poetry, which is preserved in the Muzhai Youxue Collection牧齋有學集. This paper delves into the text of the poem to re-examine Qian Qianyi’s perception and definition of his identity in the poems and recreate his identity construction process in his writing activities. With the title “the fabrication of Qian Qianyi,” this paper is based on the research interest in understanding how literati faced themselves and others in the Ming-Qing transition. It takes Qian Qianyi as a starting point, and through his poems, which he echoes and contributes to others, it focuses on the definitions of Qian Qianyi’s neighboring literati, his self-definition, and the historian’s vision that Qian Qianyi reveals in his poems. The second chapter examines Qian Qianyi’s poetry in harmony with Lin Gudu, Sheng Jitao, Gong Dingzi, Zhou Lianggong, and Gu Mengyou. The hidden mysteries, complexities, and tangled affairs of the heart in the poetic language strike at the poet, the poet who echoes with Qian, and the future reader-Qian Qianyi’s self-constructed image of himself in the face of others’ self-identification never stops. The third chapter analyzes Qian Qianyi’s poems of dedication to his homeland at the Jiawo Tang假我堂, the Wang She望社, and the Gaohui Tang高會堂, where he pours out his heartfelt feelings about Ming dynasty and places his self-interest on the image of a scholar that has been passed down for thousands of years. The fourth chapter looks at the world the poet constructed in the space of meaning of the long poem after his historical revision was not completed. The first is the understanding of the universe, and the second is that after the irrevocable failure of the real world, the poet explores and constructs a world beyond one dynasty or one surname, and imparts a new sense of history and thinking about the rise and fall of the past. In the writing, the poet’s identity as a historian, which the poet had set himself up, is revealed in the transition from “poetic history” to “history from the loyal heart”. By examining the poetry scene of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties from the perspective of Qian Qianyi, it is possible to show that the identity of “Qian Qianyi” flowed both in the poet’s own definition and in the view of others. It is in this process of movement that “Qian Qianyi” is gradually constructed. Keywords: Qian Qianyi, self-identity, self-definition, echoes the poetry, history from the loyal heart