從王陽明教育觀省思道禾實驗教育之實踐

在臺灣當前的實驗教育中，自覺地以華人文化、東方美學為其核心理念與本位特色的道禾實驗教育是非常獨特且深具意義的實驗教育機構，其創辦理念之一取法自明代儒者王陽明（名守仁，1472-1529）的哲學觀點，因此，本論文擬從王陽明的教育觀點與教學實踐活動展開探究，並以之與道禾實驗教育的辦學理念及獨特課程進行對應分析。論文首先說明王陽明作為明代著名的思想家、教育家，彼有感於當時讀書人以利益為重，而逐漸遺忘儒者當該重視的修身方法與成德精神，故陽明提出「知行合一」與「致良知」的教育理念，並且透過易簡且適性的教學方法與童蒙教育方式，啟發從學者的德性體悟，培養正確的價值觀。也藉由書院和講會的方式，傳遞思想觀點，期望能改變當時社會的現況。繼之，通過訪談紀錄，闡述道禾實驗學校的辦學理念與基本課程規劃，如執行長（也是創辦人）以中國傳統儒、釋、道三教的核心精神：「直心中觀、道法自然、知行合一」為其主要辦學理念，所以，在整體課程的規劃上，分成「時習」與「舞雩」兩大門類，在課程設計上除了一般基本學力培養，也著重於「六藝」的課程實踐，除此之外，更透過節氣生活，規劃學生的生命體驗課程。希望學生在華人文化、東方生活美學的薰陶下，除了能傳承中國文化經典外，也能發展出身心靈健全的適道遊藝之人生觀。接著，列舉兒童哲學、山水學（含行者活動）、茶道美學以及造紙工藝等四門道禾實驗教育的特色課程，分別與王陽明的童蒙教育、游觀山水之學、習禮之法以及道藝論加以對照比觀，指出兩者之間的異同與可資借鏡之處。綜上所述，論文最後針對道禾實驗教育之具體實施所遭遇的困難，如經費統籌、師資培育、學生出路等進行說明，並立基於王陽明的教育觀點提出建議，期許植根於華人文化特色的道禾實驗教育能持續地發光發熱，相信藉此亦能為臺灣的實驗教育開創更燦爛絢麗的風景。

關鍵字

王陽明；知行合一；道禾實驗學校；教育理念；特色課程

並列摘要

Among the current experimental education institutions in Taiwan, Daohe experimental education, also known as “Natural Way Children’s School”, holds Chinese culture and oriental aesthetics as its features, which is a very unique and meaningful. One of its founding concepts comes from the philosophical viewpoint of Wang Yangming, a Confucian scholar in the Ming Dynasty. This study is aimed at Wang Yangming's educational viewpoints and his teaching practices, making a comparative analysis with Daohe’s school-running philosophy and its unique programs. This study starts with an introduction of Wang Yangming, the famous thinker and educator in the Ming dynasty. He lamented that the scholars at that time put more emphasis on profits and forgot the self-cultivation methods and spirits that Confucianism should attach importance to. Therefore, he proposed the educational concepts of "unity of knowing and acting" and "practice of intuitive knowledge". He inspired that learners' morality and cultivated their positive values through the implementations of simple and appropriate teaching methods and children’s education. He also passed on traditional thoughts and ideas through academies and lectures in the hope of changing the situation of society at that time. Through the interviews, the founder explained that the school-running philosophy and basic curriculums planning of Daohe institution, which holds the core spirit of Chinese traditional Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism: “mean as virtue doctrine; nature as principle; and knowledge and action as one”. Therefore, the curriculum is divided into two categories, “shí xí” and “wu yü”. In addtion to, the cultivation of general basic learning skills, students also pay attention to the practice of the "Six Canons". Besides, through the solar terms of life, students’ life experience curriculum is planned. Under the influences of Chinese culture and oriental life aesthetics, students are expected to not only inherit Chinese culture classics, but also develop a sound and spiritual outlook on life viewpoint. Next, such as four characteristic curriculums of Daohe experimental education, including children's philosophy, landscape science, aesthetics of tea ceremony and papermaking technology, are compared with Wang Yangming's children's education, landscape science, etiquette learning methods as well as with the Daoyi theory in Confucianism. This study is analyzed the similarities and differences between the two and pointed out the parts that can be learned. At the end of the study, the difficulties encountered by Daohe institution, such as fund pooling, teachers’ training, and students’ way out, etc. are discussed. In addition, the suggestions are put forward based on Wang Yangming's educational viewpoints. It is believed that Daohe experimental education with Chinese cultural characteristics will continue to shine and heat, and that it will create a more brilliant landscapes for experimental education in Taiwan.