- 學位論文
認知負荷量對憂鬱者在以時間為基礎之前瞻性記憶表現上的效果
The effects of cognitive load on time-based prospective memory performance in depression.
摘要
研究背景與目的：憂鬱症為最常見的精神疾病，且對於個體適應日常生活有不利的影響；而前瞻性記憶(prospective memory)泛指個體記得未來的某個時間或事件執行某一項意圖，其不僅維持一般人的生活，對憂鬱個體維持正常的日常生活運作更為重要。過去以時間為基礎之前瞻性記憶(time-based prospective memory, TBPM)研究中可知，多數憂鬱診斷的參與者、高憂鬱症狀個體、及被誘發悲傷情緒的個體，其在TBPM的表現中皆有缺損的現象，且個體在時間監控的頻率相對於控制組較低，於較長的延遲間隔表現亦較差。過去的研究中並未對憂鬱個體的認知負荷進行操弄，故本研究欲了解不同的認知負荷量對於憂鬱個體執行前瞻性記憶的影響，同時進一步了解憂鬱個體在TBPM中的時間監控策略是否有差異。 研究方法：本研究參與者共76位，分別為憂鬱傾向組與非憂鬱組，每組各38位。將參與者隨機分派至高認知負荷量組及低認知負荷量組，並進行以時間為基礎的前瞻性記憶作業，其中以N-back作為進行中作業，而前瞻性作業則為每2分鐘與每5分鐘進行特定反應。於電腦化測驗結束後完成魏氏成人智力測驗第四版的詞彙分測驗與記憶廣度分測驗、基本資料問卷、貝克憂鬱量表第二版、憂鬱－焦慮－壓力量表、注意力控制量表，及中文版反芻反應風格量表短版，並於最後進行研究釋疑。 研究結果：於N-back作業中，參與者在高認知負荷下正確率較差，反應時間較慢。在TBPM作業中，參與者在低的認知負荷之正確率顯著高於高的認知負荷，且正確率較佳；而長時間間隔中，憂鬱傾向組之正確率表現較非憂鬱組佳。另外在憂鬱傾向組中，長時間間隔之正確率高於短時間間隔。於時間監控部分，參與者在短時間間隔的檢查次數皆多餘長時間間隔，無論高低負荷組亦為在短時間間隔的檢查次數明顯較長時間間隔的檢查次數多。將檢查分區段分析中發現，當愈接近目標時間，參與者的檢查次數顯著增加。在相關分析中發現，短時間間隔與短時間間隔的後期的檢查比率與準確性呈現顯著負相關，代表參與者在愈接近目標時間的檢查比率愈高，其準確性也愈高。 結論：本研究認知負荷操弄具有效性，若個體處於高認知負荷情境下會佔用個體執行TBPM的認知資源，使得個體將有限的注意力資源分配出現困難。本研究中僅發現在長時間間隔中，憂鬱傾向組表現較佳，此結果替Albiński等人(2012)研究中所顯示之憂鬱中的反芻會增加前瞻性記憶的表現的結果給予初步的支持。
並列摘要
Objective: Depression is the most common mental disorder and it is very unfavorable for the individuals’ adaptation in their daily life. In general, prospective memory, which is the ability to remember to perform an intended action in the future, is indispensable for helping people maintain the function of daily life. And it also critical to people with depression. Previous time-based prospective memory (TBPM) studies showed that the TBPM performance of individuals with depression, higher depressive symptoms, and the individuals who were induced sadness are impaired. In addition, the frequency of time monitoring was lower than the control group. Furthermore, the performance was worse with long delay intervals. However, it remains unclear how the cognitive load affects the depressed individuals. Hence, the main purpose of present study is to investigate the effect of cognitive load on the TBPM task in the depressed individuals, and whether there are differences in the time monitoring strategies between depressed individuals and healthy control. Methods: Two subject groups were recruited, the depression group (N=38) and the non-depression group (N=38). Participants were randomly assigned to high cognitive load group and low cognitive load group, and completed TBPM embedded in the N-back task. In the TBPM task, the participants were asked to press specific buttons every 2 minutes and every 5 minutes. After the TBPM task, participants were required to complete WAIS-IV Vocabulary and Digit Span, C_ACS, DASS-21, BDI-II, C_RSQ-r10. Results: In the N-back task, participants have lower accuracy and slower reaction time under high cognitive load compared to low cognitive load. In the TBPM task, the accuracy of participants under low cognitive load is significantly higher than that of high cognitive load, and the error of reaction time is small. In the long time interval delay, the accuracy of depression group is better than that of non-depression group. In addition, in the depression group, the accuracy of the long time interval delay is higher than that of the short time interval delay. In the time monitoring, the number of examinations in the short time interval is more than the long time interval in a participant. In addition, both high cognitive load and low cognitive load groups have significantly larger number of examinations in the short time interval delay than the long time interval delay. In the correlation analysis, we found that both checking rate near the target time and accuracy are larger. Conclusions: In this study, the manipulation of the cognitive load was effective. If the individual is in a high cognitive load situation, it will occupy the individual’s cognitive resources to perform TBPM, making it difficult for the individual to allocate limited attention resources. Moreover, our study found that the depression group performed better than the non-depression group in the long time interval delay. This result provides preliminary support for the Albiński et al. (2012) study showed that rumination in depression increase the performance of prospective memory.