住宅室內裝修木作工程業發展現況及趨勢之探討

近年來，隨著社會的進步和人們對居住品質要求的提高，室內裝修產業呈現蓬勃發展的趨勢，而裝修木作本為室內設計實務中不可或缺的組成部分，不僅為不同的空間帶來美感，同時亦具備著高度的工藝技術和專業素養，在整個室內裝修產業當中扮演著至關重要的角色，然而在經濟逐步發展、市場競爭加劇以及國民對居住品質日漸重視的情況下，木作工程業也伴隨著科技的日新月異而開始有產業轉型的情況發生，為了以更有效率和效益的方式開發室裝產品，傳統的木匠師承制度即面臨逐漸式微的趨勢，且教育體系與人才培育無法發揮對等的成效，致使室內裝修木作工程業面臨種種威脅與挑戰，如何提高整體的競爭力和發展水平，滿足國民對於高品質裝修設計的需求，儼然成為室內裝修木作工程業與學術界所共同關注的課題。雖然目前已有先學針對產業進行分析，但研究多傾向以技術、工具及師徒傳承特性佔多數，極少觸及有關產業未來發展的趨勢，若能再深入瞭解室內裝修木作工程業的現況實態，有效分析競爭環境的實務問題，並探討其未來的發展趨勢，勢必能提供相關從業人員、企業、政府與學術單位作為政策制定與方向調整上的參考依據；有鑑於此，本研究主要著眼於室內裝修木作工程業的發展為調查方向，並以裝修木作業和室內設計業等兩者從業人員為對象，依序將調查分為兩個階段進行後，再針對產業現階段實態及未來發展趨勢等內容進行統計和比對，最後共計從第一階段中梳理出21件、及第二階段40件的有效案例作為研究分析的基礎。研究結果顯示：室內裝修木作工程業的從業人員，學徒與半技師屬於學習執行層，師傅與師傅頭屬於教育管理層，在職前要求階段時，學徒與半技師最著重「專業領域」的培育，師傅與師傅頭則側重於「案場經驗」的累積；隨後在適應觀察階段時，各職務從業者皆是以「工作態度」最受到重視，在基礎培育階段時，則均是對「安全防護」的部分特別在意，而在進階學習階段時，就極為重視「溝通表達」的能力，最後在經營領導階段時，師傅主要以「施作修正」為首，師傅頭則因統領案場的需要而以「成本掌控」最為必備；對於職業特性的認知方面，工作內容與性質的難易度偏「困難」、安全度屬「高危」、需求度偏「工作」、專業度屬「實務」、完整度偏「結構」、育成度屬「長期」、技能度偏「製造」、層級度屬「技術」；另外從現況實態的感知趨向方面又進一步確認，室內裝修木作工程業對於室內設計產業而言佔有無法取代的重要地位，唯工作內容中有關櫥櫃、地板、門扇等項目有逐步被模組化的趨勢產生，這也許是因為從業者們對於新式構件具有興趣瞭解，但卻較疏於追蹤，且對於新建材的瞭解抱持高度關注，但卻少見有創新工法的情勢或意願所致，進而造成轉職比例偏低又加上嚴重人才斷層的情況發生，雖然室內裝修木作工程業在未來十年內不可能被淘汰，也不會被自動化科技給完全取代，但仍需專業從業人員從重新審視現況時態的問題，強化自身本職學能的素養與積極創新的態度，成為人才培育的重要推手。

關鍵字

室內裝修；木作產業；現況實態；發展趨勢

並列摘要

In recent years, with the progress of society and the improvement of people's requirements for living quality, the interior decoration industry has shown a booming trend. As an indispensable part of interior design practice, decorative woodworks not only bring beauty to different spaces, but also demonstrate a high degree of technology and professionalism, which plays a vital role in the entire interior decoration industry. However, with the gradual development of economy, intensified market competition and people's increasing attention to the quality of living, the woodwork industry has begun to undergo industrial transformation with the rapid development of science and technology. In order to develop indoor products in a more efficient and effective way, the traditional carpenter apprenticeship system is facing a gradual decline. At the same time, the education system and talent cultivation cannot play an equal role, resulting in various threats and challenges for the interior decoration woodwork industry. How to improve the overall competitiveness and development level and meet the national demands for high-quality decoration design has become a common concern of the interior decoration woodwork and academia. Although some scholars have analyzed the industry at present, the research tends to focus on the characteristics of technology, tools and master to apprentice inheritance, and rarely touches on the future development trend of the industry. Such researches certainly will serve as a reference for policy formulation and direction adjustment for relevant practitioners, enterprises, governments and academic units should the current situation of the interior decoration woodwork industry be further explored, the practical problems of the competitive environment be effectively analyzed, and its future development trend be discussed. In view of this, this study mainly focuses on the development of interior decoration woodwork industry as the investigation direction, and takes the practitioners of interior decoration woodwork and interior design industry as the objects. After the implementation of the investigation which is divided into two stages in sequence, statistics and comparisons were conducted on the current status and future development trends of the industry. Finally, a total of 21 effective cases were sorted out from the first stage and 40 from the second stage as the basis for research and analysis. The research results show that: practitioners, apprentices and semi-skilled technicians in the interior decoration woodwork industry belong to the learning & execution layer, and masters and master leaders belong to the education & management layer. In the pre-employment requirement stage, apprentices and semi-skilled technicians focus on the cultivation of "professional fields”, while masters and master leaders focus on the accumulation of "case experience"; subsequently, in the adaptive observation stage, practitioners in all positions pay the most attention to "working attitude"; in the basic training stage, they pay special attention to the "safety protection; in the advanced learning stage, they attach great importance to the ability of "communication and expression"; finally, in the management leadership stage, masters mainly take "making corrections" as the priority, and master leaders take "cost control" as the need to command the case field; As for the cognition of professional characteristics, the work content and nature tend to be difficult, safety tends to be "high-risk", demand tends to be "work-related", professionalism tends to be "practical", completeness tends to be "structural", education tends to be "long-term", skills tend to be "manufacturing", and hierarchy belongs to "technology”. In addition, from the perception trend of the current situation, it is further confirmed that the interior decoration woodwork industry plays an irreplaceable important role in the interior design industry, and only the items such as cabinets, floors and door leaves in the work content are gradually modularized. This may be attributable to the fact that practitioners are interested in new components but fail in tracking their development, and are highly concerned about new building materials but lack of situations or willingness of innovative construction methods. As a result, the rate of job transfer is low and the talent gap becomes severely enlarged. Although the interior decoration woodwork industry will not be eliminated in the next 10 years, nor completely replaced by automation technology, but professionals still need to re-examine the current situation, and strengthen their own academic literacy and positive and innovative attitude to become an important promoter of talent cultivation.