自動駕駛車輛事故損害賠償責任之研究－以日本法為比較基礎－

自動駕駛技術，因為資訊科技的發達、人工智慧的出現，而有了突飛猛進的發展。然而，隨著自動駕駛技術的逐漸成熟，「自動」的程度也會隨之不同，駕駛人能夠控制的範圍也會不一樣。目前，國際上均根據美國SAE的標準，將自駕車的等依據自動駕駛的程度，分為SAE等級零（非自動駕駛）至SAE等級五（完全自動駕駛）六種等級，而在等級四以上的車輛，自動駕駛系統即已經具備執行駕駛任務之能力。當搭載自動駕駛系統的車輛發生事故時，由於實際操縱車輛完成駕駛任務者，除了駕駛人以外，還包括自動駕駛系統。因此，當搭載自動駕駛系統的車輛，發生事故時，其伴隨的民事責任，與一般汽車事故的民事責任，自然也有所不同。在我國法下，可能伴隨的民事責任，其責任包括侵權行為責任與動力車輛駕駛人責任，至於是否賦予自動駕駛系統類似於法人之責任能力，學者間仍議論紛紛。日本做為世界一流的高科技大國，在自駕車的發展上也處於世界的先驅，例如豐田、本田等知名的汽車研發廠商對於自動駕駛系統之發展也有著許多著墨，而日本從2023年起開放SAE等級四以下之自駕車進入實際的道路行駛，故日本法下的自駕車民事責任制度，有可能值得我國參照。現在日本關於自駕車事故責任之規定，包括民法一般侵權行為責任與自賠法運行供用人責任之規定，其責任範圍、責任主體與免責事由與我國制度各不相同。是以，本文將參考日本相關之規定，期待能夠作為未來修法之參考。

關鍵字

自動駕駛；自駕車；侵權行為責任；駕駛人責任；車輛保有人責任；補償基金

並列摘要

The development of autonomous driving technology has experienced rapid progress due to advancements in information technology and the emergence of artificial intelligence. However, as autonomous driving technology matures, the level of "automation" can vary, and the extent of control by the driver can also differ. Currently, internationally recognized standards, based on the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) classification system, categorize autonomous vehicles into six levels ranging from SAE Level 0 (No Driving Automation) to SAE Level 5 (Full Driving Automation). Vehicles at SAE Level 4 or higher possess the capability to perform driving tasks without human intervention. When a car equipped with an autonomous driving system is involved in an accident, the responsibility for the completion of the driving task falls not only on the human driver but also on the autonomous driving system itself. Therefore, when accidents occur with vehicles equipped with autonomous driving systems, the associated civil liability differs from that of regular car accidents. Under the laws of our country, the potential civil liability may include both tort liability and liability of the driver of a motor vehicle. As for whether the autonomous driving system should be attributed with a legal personality similar to that of a legal entity, there are still ongoing debates among scholars. Japan, as a leading high-tech nation in the world, is also at the forefront of autonomous driving development. Renowned automobile manufacturers such as Toyota and Honda have dedicated significant efforts to the development of autonomous driving systems. Starting from 2023, Japan has opened up its roads for the practical use of autonomous vehicles up to SAE Level 4. Therefore, Japan's civil liability system for autonomous vehicles may be worth considering as a reference for our country. Currently, Japan's regulations regarding autonomous vehicle accident liability encompass both general tort liability under civil law and liability of operators under the Road Traffic Act. The scope of liability, liable parties, and exemptions differ from our country's system. Hence, this article aims to reference Japan's relevant regulations and hopes to serve as a reference for future legislative amendments.