馬來西亞多元環境下華人廟宇祭祀空間的創新發展研究—以檳城「和諧街」廣福宮為例

Innovative Development of Chinese Temple Ritual Spaces in a Diverse Environment in Malaysia: A Case Study of Kong Hock Keong Temple in Harmony Street, Penang

張振豐(ZHEN-HONG TEOH)

指導教授 ： 魏主榮

中原大學/設計學院/室內設計學系/碩士(2024年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu202400040

摘要

東南亞作為宗教信仰文化最多元的地區，與生活在其中的族群有極為密切的關聯性；而世界各國因族群或宗教因素而引發國內暴亂、戰爭的情形也並非罕見，但東南亞諸國中宗教多樣性最豐富的兩個國家——馬來西亞與新加坡卻並非如此。馬來西亞作為多元種族、多元文化、多元宗教國家，其國民在日常生活的實踐中維持著極高度的相互包容與和諧環境。其中，檳城有賴於早期的英國殖民政府登島開埠後，鼓勵大量各地移民移入定居開墾，渡海南來的華人移民也不例外，因而才奠定了多元族群同處於共同社會空間環境的情景。隨著後來的發展，檳城椰腳街(Pitt Street)因在短距離內同時聚集了當地幾個最主要宗教的宗教場所，如華人佛道教廟宇、基督教教堂、印度教寺廟以及伊斯蘭教清真寺，並且彼此百年間又維持相互尊重包容、展現族群與宗教信仰間的和諧共融而發展成了觀光知名的「和諧街」，十分具有當地特色。華人廟宇除了作為宗教信仰中心，早期華人移民更是藉助該場所作為建構社會網絡、調解社會糾紛、團結華人族群等重要的場所機能，可謂是移民華人在異地扎根生存的關鍵核心；近年來又因民眾對休閒旅遊及心靈需求的重視，宗教場所在興盛的宗教觀光旅遊產業中成為熱門的造訪景點。
本研究即期望以檳城華人廟宇空間與傳統文化習俗為切入角度，並透過個案研究、文獻回顧和田野調查之方法，將所蒐集資料與在當地實際生活的經驗進行結合梳理後，探究馬來西亞多元環境下各宗教之間所形成的和諧氛圍，並將同為多元文化、有著高度相似背景的國家——新加坡作為借鑒參照對象，基於宗教場所發展觀光面向與宗教信仰生活日漸式微有著極高關聯性，兩者相輔相成有利於彼此發展的立場，最終在研究中為檳城「和諧街」與華人廟宇廣福宮發展「宗教觀光」提出四項空間相關的創新發展建議，以提升和完善當地對於族群與宗教多元和諧特色的展現，並破除觀光資訊對外傳遞交流的障礙，進而以在地性傳統宗教文化促進當地的宗教觀光旅遊產業之發展，以及達成傳統宗教信仰在未來環境變遷發展下延續傳承的目的。

關鍵字

和諧街 ； 多元文化 ； 宗教觀光 ； 空間創新 ； 華人廟宇

並列摘要

Southeast Asia, recognized for its diverse religious and cultural landscape, shares an intimate connection between its populace and their respective faiths. While internal conflicts and wars often arise globally due to ethnic or religious factors, two nations in Southeast Asia, Malaysia and Singapore, stand out for their rich religious diversity. Malaysia, as a nation characterized by multiculturalism, multiethnicity, and multireligiosity, maintains a remarkably high level of mutual inclusivity and harmony in the daily practices of its citizens.
Penang, a state in Malaysia, owes its multicultural environment to the early British colonial government that encouraged the influx of immigrants from various regions to settle and cultivate the land. The Chinese immigrants from southern China, who crossed the seas to Penang, played a significant role in establishing a scenario where diverse ethnic groups coexist within a shared social space. Over time, Penang's Pitt Street emerged as a focal point, uniquely bringing together religious sites of major local faiths, including Chinese temples, Christian churches, Hindu temples, and Islamic mosques. These places have, over centuries, maintained a culture of mutual respect, tolerance, and harmony among different ethnicities and religious beliefs, ultimately evolving into the renowned "Harmony Street" that attracts tourists with its distinct local flavor.
Chinese temples, aside from being centers of religious worship, served as crucial hubs for early Chinese immigrants to construct social networks, mediate societal disputes, and unite the Chinese community in their new homeland. In recent years, with increased emphasis on leisure travel and spiritual needs, religious sites have become popular destinations within the thriving religious tourism industry.
This research aims to focus on the spatial and traditional cultural aspects of Chinese temples in Penang, Malaysia. Utilizing methods such as case studies, literature reviews, and field surveys, the collected data will be combined with firsthand experiences in the local context. The objective is to explore the harmonious atmosphere that has developed among various religions in Malaysia's diverse environment. Singapore, another nation with similar cultural backgrounds and high diversity, will serve as a reference point. Given the close correlation between the development of religious tourism and the diminishing significance of religious practices, both aspects complement each other and contribute to mutual development.
Ultimately, the study will propose four innovative spatial development resolution for the "Harmony Street" in Penang and the Kong Hock Keong Temple, aiming to enhance and refine the portrayal of the region's ethnic and religious diversity. These suggestions also seek to overcome obstacles in disseminating tourism information, promoting local traditional religious and cultural heritage in the development of religious tourism, and ensuring the continuity and preservation of traditional religious beliefs amid future environmental changes.

並列關鍵字

Harmony Street ； Multiculturalism ； Religious tourism ； Spatial innovation ； Chinese temples

參考文獻

參考文獻

一、英文期刊

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