- 學位論文
伊斯蘭復興運動與性別秩序實踐：以馬來西亞「千依百順妻子俱樂部」為例
The Islamic Revivalism and the Practices of Gender Order: A case study on the ‘Obedient Wives Club’ in Malaysia
摘要
1970年代以來，泛伊斯蘭復興運動席捲全球，做爲一個伊斯蘭信徒佔多數的國家，馬來西亞也受到伊斯蘭復興運動思潮的影響。伊斯蘭復興運動（dakwah）在馬來西亞展開，並改變了馬來族群的原有習俗與價值體系，包括其親屬觀、家庭結構、兩性關係以及性別秩序。同時，馬來西亞社會亦出現了多個伊斯蘭宗教組織，例如：澳爾根、穆斯林青年運動、伊斯蘭傳道會等。 2011年6月4日，一群穆斯林女性菁英在馬來西亞成立了「千依百順妻子俱樂部」。俱樂部女性菁英主張信徒實踐「伊斯蘭生活之道」，恢復伊斯蘭精神以及對阿拉奉獻自我。俱樂部的中心思想包括：穆斯林女性必須絕對服從丈夫、支持「一夫多妻制」，妻子必須無時無刻滿足丈夫的性需求。她們深信藉由遵守伊斯蘭的性別規範，將有助於避免丈夫發生外遇，遏止丈夫參與非法娼妓活動、減低棄嬰案、穆斯林離婚率等。 「千依百順妻子俱樂部」的言論遭到馬來西亞社會大眾的嚴厲批評，把她們歸類為落後、傳統，並且受到父權意識形態内化、淪落為沒有主體性的受壓迫者。然而，筆者認為過去論及馬來西亞穆斯林女性的研究，往往脫離了女性所處社會脈絡的方式來探討問題，這使得「千依百順妻子俱樂部」的出現，被視爲突兀、特殊、與現代化社會不和諧的異象。 本研究藉由深入訪談11名俱樂部女性菁英與蒐集文本資料，解析「千依百順妻子俱樂部」的出現與伊斯蘭復興運動具有高度的關聯性。另外，本研究亦說明俱樂部女性菁英參與宗教運動的過程，其實是一種回應伊斯蘭復興運動的自覺行動。藉由遵守此一伊斯蘭性別道德秩序，這群俱樂部女性菁英依然保留了本身做為主體的自主性與能動性。更重要的是「伊斯蘭生活之道」為她們建構了一個「理想之家」，賦予她們內在與外在之精神支柱，解決高度現代化的社會亂象與道德問題。 藉由梳理俱樂部女性菁英言論背後的個人的思想源流、個人感受、以及她們的真實生命經驗，本研究發現，俱樂部女性菁英並非馬來西亞主流社會眼底下的「父權宰制的受壓迫者」。俱樂部菁英以虔誠的穆斯林身分，已進入歷史過程中，尋求自我的肯定，發展出本身之主體性。
並列摘要
In the 1970s there was a wave of Islamic revivalism throughout the world. This upsurge provided an impetus for the Islamic euphoria in Malaysia—the dakwah milieu. The revival of Islam caused a breakdown in the Malay customary laws and values of Malaysia, including Malay’s kinship bonds, family patterns, and gender order and relations. Meanwhile, various Islamic organizations blossomed in Malaysia—i.e., Darul Arqam, ABIM, Ja’maat Tabligh. This paper focuses on a club named the Obedient Wives Club (OWC), which was established by a group of highly educated Muslim women from Darul Arqam on 4th June 2011. The OWC elite Muslim women promote Islam as din (way of life) where members practice to revive the spirit of Islam and promote Muslim’s submission to God. They stress that a Muslim woman should be obeyed to her husband. They agree that polygamous marriage helps to fulfill husband’s sexual desires, keeping the husband from straying and curbing social ills such as prostitution, abortion and divorce etc. The Obedient Wives Club caused a great deal of controversy in Malaysian society. The OWC elite Muslim women are regarded as backward, conservative and victims of a patriarchal religion. However, previous research into Muslim women in Malaysia has tended to explore the problem by paying no attention to the particular social context in which the women live. The absence of Muslim women’s voice in mainstream studies has inevitably caused the emergence of the Obedient Wives Club to be seen as a new and strange phenomenon, contradictory to the prevailing concepts of modernity. This paper employs text analysis methods, and also conducts in-depth interviews with eleven OWC elite Muslim women, aiming to clarify that the emergence of the Obedient Wives Club is inextricably linked with the wave of Islamic revivalism occurred in the late-1960s and 1970s. Secondly, this paper also shows that the OWC elite Muslim women’s life of piety is, in fact, their ‘conscientization’ experiences towards the Islamic way of life. In addition, the OWC elite Muslim women have preserved their agency and autonomy by negotiating with their husbands’ authority in their everyday life. Their decision to be ‘Islamized’ creates an ‘ideal home’ that provides inner and outer support for them, thus enabling them to react to the malaises that occur in modern societies. Instead of seeing them as an oppressed group, the OWC elite Muslim women, in fact, have embraced their subjectivity in everyday life. They enter the historical process as responsible subjects, becoming individuals who know, and search for, self-affirmation.