超越生存外交：朱拉隆功時期暹羅對外關係

泰國外交政策如同「風中之竹」，堅持國家利益原則下，策略充滿彈性與靈活性，尤其當國際關係結構改變時，更能利用外部威脅鞏固政權與獲取國家利益，將危機轉變換成轉機。在二戰與冷戰時期外交行為表現，打破「弱國無外交」的印象，成為小國外交成功典範。泰國成功外交政策來自領導階層善於觀察國際局勢，在國際關係結構與有限資源下，運用自身優勢並順應情勢發展，不斷學習與嘗試，提出大膽的外交策略以追求國家利益，並建構出自我的外交特色。本文認為泰國成功的外交經驗與模式來自於19世紀殖民危機。本文以新古典現實主義三個層次分析法論述朱拉隆功執政時期暹羅對外關係，在面對西方帝國主義的侵略與國家存亡之際，如何順應國際局勢與制定不同應對策略，並透過學習西方規範，加強領導階層認知與整合國家能力。聘僱外籍顧問協助修正傳統價值觀與融合國際趨勢，建構自我風格與危機處理模式，維持獨立地位與延續拉瑪王朝統治，並成為外交政策的核心價值。研究發現泰國雖處在國際關係結構中的被動環境下，領導人(階層)會主動建構國家能力以配合強權政策而從中獲取利益。而拉瑪改革成功經驗，讓泰國外交政策配合國際局勢，勇於嘗試與創新走在各項政策前沿。然而，泰國內部改革需要在外部壓力下，在開明領導(人)階層對國內外局勢能明確認知，方有推動之可能性。

關鍵字

新古典現實主義；朱拉隆功；外籍顧問

並列摘要

Thailand's foreign policy is like a "bamboo in the wind". It is flexible and flexible in its strategy while adhering to the principle of national interest, especially when the structure of international relations changes, and it is able to take advantage of external threats to consolidate its regime and gain national benefits, turning crises into opportunities. During World War II and the Cold War, Thailand's diplomatic behavior shattered the perception that "weak nations have no diplomacy" and became a model of successful diplomacy for small nations. Thailand's successful foreign policy comes from the leadership's ability to observe the international situation, use its own strengths and adapt to developments in the international relations structure and limited resources, learn and experiment, propose bold diplomatic strategies to pursue national interests, and build its own diplomatic identity. This paper argues that Thailand's successful diplomatic experience and model came from the colonial crisis of the 19th century. Using a three-level analysis of neoclassical realism, this paper discusses how Siamese foreign relations under Chulalongkorn's rule responded to the international situation and developed different strategies in the face of Western imperialist aggression and national survival, and how learning from Western norms enhanced the leadership's awareness and ability to integrate the country. Foreign advisors were hired to help revise traditional values and integrate international trends, construct a style of self and crisis management, maintain independence and continue the reign of the Rama dynasty, and become a core value of foreign policy. The study found that although Thailand is in a passive situation in the international relations structure, the leadership (hierarchy) has taken the initiative to build national capacity to match the policies of the powerful and reap the benefits. The success of the Rama reforms has enabled Thailand to adapt its foreign policy to the international context and to be at the forefront of experimentation and innovation. However, internal reform in Thailand requires external pressure and an enlightened leadership that has a clear understanding of the domestic and external situation before it can be promoted.