中緬玉石貿易的研究：開採、交易與運輸之探討（1790-1946）

十九世紀以前，中緬間的玉石貿易雖已發展許久，但由於華人尚無法克服緬甸克欽山區的瘴氣，以及對當地土著的恐懼，華人因此只敢於八莫一帶購買由當地土著運至的玉石。　　十八世紀後期清軍在克欽山區的軍事行動，間接地促使華人自十九世紀起逐漸深入至猛拱地區採購玉石。1856年至1873年間的雲南回變，迫使華人離開原鄉，克服恐懼，進一步深入至霧露河採掘玉石。爾後，隨著1894《中英續議滇緬界務商務條款》的簽訂、1898緬甸縱貫鐵路延伸至密支那，以及1902年騰越的開埠，促使更多的華人赴霧露河挖掘玉石。至二十世紀前期，華人已成為霧露河玉石礦工中的主力，華人在霧露河流域採掘玉石的方式的相關紀載也已十分詳細。　　上述的歷史事件，也使得中緬玉石貿易的運輸途徑發生變遷。1790年後，中國方面的文獻開始有緬甸玉石經由海路運至廣州販售的紀載，但在十九世紀中葉以前，中緬間的玉石貿易主要還是以陸路途徑為主。1856年至1873年間的雲南回變，使滇緬間的交通路線顯得危險，同一時期，英國積極地開發緬甸伊洛瓦底江航運及建設鐵路，使得緬甸南北間的交通變得便利，中緬間的玉石貿易路徑，因此在1870年後逐漸以海路為主。透過1870年至1946年間中國海關資料中洋貨玉石的進口量分析，可以證明十九世後期至二十世紀前期，緬甸玉石大部分是透過海路運輸至中國沿海各埠販售，經由陸路運至騰越已是少數。

關鍵字

玉石；翡翠；緬甸玉石；中緬貿易；滇緬貿易；中緬玉石貿易；緬甸華人；《中國舊海關史料》

並列摘要

Jade trading between China and Myanmar had been developed for a long time before 19th, but the trade still couldn’t spread out Bhamo because the miasma of mountain area in the Kachin and the originals that were Chinese most in fear of. 　　In the late 18th, the military operation of Qing Dynasty in the Kachin indirectly led the Chinese into Mogaung for mining and trading the jade bit by bit. During 1856 and 1873, the Panthay Rebellion forced the Chinese went more deeply to Uyu River. Then here comes the agreement between China and Great Britain over the boundaries and trade issue of Myanmar in 1894, the railway to Myitkyina which was built in 1898, and the port of Tengyue opening in 1902, great amount of Chinese went to Uyu River mining jade. In the early 20th, Chinese has become the primary labor among the jade miner also are recorded clearly for their mining skills during this time. 　　All the event which was taken led the change of trading transition between China and Myanmar. After 1790s, there are records in China that jade of Myanmar was sold in Guangzhou through the sea, but before the mid of 19th there was mostly rely on route through the mountains. The change was caused during 1856 and late 19th, after the Panthay Rebellion which had made the transition between Myanmar and Yunnan more dangerous, and the British had taken the transport among the Irrawaddy River and the railway through Myanmar that made the south-north transition easier, route for the jade trading between China and Myanmar therefore went on the sea. It can be proved by the archive of China Maritime Customs which analyzed the import of jade that most of it was transported among the sea to Chinese ports, other through the route to Tengyue was less.

並列關鍵字

Jade ； Jadeite ； Myanmar Jade ； China-Myanmar Trade ； Yunnan-Myanmar Trade ； Jade Trading between China and Myanmar ； Chinese in Myanmar ； The Historical Materials of Old Chinese Maritime Customs.