- 學位論文
國際技術擴散之網絡效應與結構
International Technology Diffusion: Network Effects and Dissemination Structure
摘要
全球化已對各國技術能力產生改變，「外生要素」驅動技術進步也隨同提昇經濟增長，因此「國際技術擴散」此「外生論」議題日益重要，也為經濟學與科技政策研究所重視。然而與「內生要素」相比，「外生要素」則更複雜，並且表現出網絡現象。在全球網絡中，國家間彼此相互影響，而這種關係結果即構成複雜的網路形式，更造成複雜的網絡活動。由此，國際技術擴散的本質是具有其複雜性與多面性，僅由單一因素觀察則難窺其究。 因此本研究採用群體分析中對於「權力」、「角色與地位」兩大詮釋觀點，加以探究國際技術擴散之網路結構。藉由網路中介性來作為權力結構分析，對擴散結構做微觀的觀察，又藉由網路角色與地位分析來探索技術流動中其「來源、中繼、接收」之擴散過程，為此對擴散結構做宏觀的觀察。此外本研究欲釐清「具體形式技術」與「非具體形式技術」間的擴散差異為何，在具體形式技術研究上透過多邊貿易活動資料來觀察，而非具體形式技術方面藉由專利引證關係來觀察。對於國際技術擴散議題深入探討其擴散形式之成因、轉變及其未來發展。由此，本研究之目地在於探索國際技術擴散之深層結構與其意含，對於具體形式與非具體形式擴散網絡中其現有的關係為何，並欲揭示各國在不同技術擴散下之網絡角色與地位現況。 本研究對國際技術擴散議題之貢獻，在於首度整合多國關係與長期資料來觀察其擴散結構，藉由探索全球化之本質下國際技術擴散是如何運作。而本研究結果不僅發現技術擴散結構由瀑流狀的擴散轉化成放射狀的擴散模式，並且揭示出國際技術擴散之形式與各國之競爭地位。除此之外，本研究整合「結構主義觀點與量化系統分析」為過去「外生技術進步論」研究之罕見。最後對於本研究之結果，在擴散模式轉變與網絡地位之辨識等相關議題的運用上，提供其政策與管理意含。
並列摘要
Globalization has highlighted changes in socio-economic terms and is reshaping the world. Exogenous factors drive technological progress, as well as driving economic growth via international technology diffusion. The international diffusion of technology therefore becomes one of most important topics of economics and technology policy research. However, comparing endogenous factors, exogenous factors are complexity and demonstrate as network phenomenon. The network phenomenon composes by neither solely nor independently unit. Countries in global network demonstrate interdependent, and influenced by many others. Hence, the characteristic of network structure implicate complexity configuration. Restated, the study of international diffusion is complication and multi-dimensional than using single perspective is difficult to reveal their structure. Thus, this study utilizes social network analysis for investigating the structural configuration of international technology diffusion. Meanwhile, this study adopts two perspectives of collective behavioral research; they are power analysis, role and position analysis to examine the network structure of international technology diffusion. More specifically, this study exams the power structure of each country by network betweenness. The power analysis reveal micro feature of diffusion structures. Furthermore, by using role and position analysis categorize network actors by behavioral performance which regards technology mobility process; source, transmitter, and receiver. This investigation provides macro perspective on diffusion structure. In addition, this study tries to distinguish the channel differentiation of technology diffusion. In terms of embodied technology, that investigates by multilateral trade flow. On the other hand, the disembodied technology investigation utilizes the patent citations of respective country. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the deep structure of international technology diffusion and structural differences between embodied and disembodied technology diffusion networks. Through network analysis, this work is able to reveal the network position and roles of countries, and also to examine the relationships that exist between different diffusion networks. This study aims to make to following contributions to the literature on international technology diffusion; this study is the first to employ a multilateral perspective and longitude data to examine the cross-country network structure. This work, thus, provides an understanding of the nature of globalization, its conceptualization and measurement, and how influence and effect is transmitted across distance through the interconnectedness of international technology diffusion. The findings not only illustrate the pattern change of diffusion structure form cascade-like to radial-like, but also present the structural configuration of technologically advanced countries and the competitive positions of each country. Furthermore, this study further utilizes structuralism perspective and systematic approach, which is rarely adopted in the literature, to study international technology diffusion, which involves various complex processes. Thus, the findings regarding the diffusion pattern changes and network position identifications can make policy implications for countries interested in exogenous effects for technological growth.