- 學位論文
抒情、烏托邦與自我技藝：鄭孝胥的政治詩學
Lyric, Utopia and Self-Techniques: A Study of Zheng Xiao-Xu’s Political Poetics
摘要
鄭孝胥的一生跨越了晚清民國，政治的觸角延伸至不同層面，成就了非凡的歷史功業。清王朝逐漸凋零，鄭氏浸染於此，遊走在張之洞的武漢幕府，得權重任。同時，在詩學上創制「同光體」，引領舊時代的詩人，迎向中國文化最後一道古典榮光。辛亥革命以後，自許避世遺民，又決意與民國為敵，在自我封閉的「海藏樓」關切「復辟」的一切消息，其後參與北京的「小朝廷」，與殘存的清室迎向未知的前途。時至北京政變的發生，鄭孝胥親自協助溥儀來到了由日本管轄的天津租界，得到了相當的信任，未盡的政治理想也有實現的機會。意料之外，「小朝廷」在日本扶植之下，以「滿洲國」的國家形式歸返歷史現場。溥儀暫且接受執政稱號，鄭孝胥則是出任國務總理，宣揚王道，在生命晚期展現了積極的政治行動。然而，滿洲國的「偽」字在民國的歷史成為定論，鄭孝胥不得不承受「漢奸」之名，自此蓋棺論定。 經歷了士人、遺民，至於漢奸，鄭孝胥在各個階段有著不同的面目。有意思的是，考察鄭氏每一次的政治抉擇，其實也是思索與身分關聯至於影響晚清民國的歷史事件。本文嘗試發明「政治詩學」的關鍵詞，直指不曾退卻的「詩人」身分，探討鄭孝胥一生琢磨的詩學如何相互牽動、映照詩人面臨的政治情境，如是悲怨而抒情，為內在的理想予以迫切的回應。於此，本文歷時的回顧鄭氏的生命歷程，擬定四個主題建立共時的討論，期望與學界既有的研究成果展開對話： 「負氣」一章緣自同光體「言之無物」、「規摹古人」的「死文學」論斷，藉由鄭孝胥詩論的重構，以「性情」回應「文學革命」為革命目標而張揚的批評話語。首要重返詩論發生的情境，聚焦在詩人性格與武漢幕府的經歷，由「負氣之詩」到「為己之學」，定調了「政治詩學」的主導意識。 「海藏」與「夜起」二章進一步探索兩項私人技藝，如何成就了鄭孝胥不同時期的政治生命。前者以字號、寓居體現了前半生「避地待時」的決定；後者則以極為嚴謹的作息為生活重心，標示著一種晚期風格的追求。近乎「儀式」的舉行，鄭氏為此思慮自身的政治前途，鍛鍊的「自我技藝」巧妙劃分了一生的政治道路──「海藏」著眼於個人得失之間的過渡時期；而「夜起」充斥著王朝失而復得的烏托邦想像。 終於，滿洲國的建立讓「烏托邦」有了直接的對應，「復辟」一章為此疏理鄭孝胥在革命以後明確而複雜的「復辟」心理。遙想過去清遺民的接連失敗，鄭氏「英雄」的自覺延續一直以來的「負氣」性格。直到滿洲國的事實逐漸明朗，製作建國史略，為國家的合法性溯源；成立初始，持續深化「王道」為主旨的思想風氣，推動一切建設，發揮著蓄銳已久的治國理念。如是違背民族大義的政治抉擇必然在事過境遷以後擔負了歷史罪名，然而，當時滿洲國的願景已然發酵，鄭孝胥視為理想得以實現的方向，竭力爭取一席之地，完成了一生纏綿不斷的政治命題。
並列摘要
From the time of the late Qing dynasty to the Republic of China, Zheng Xiao-Xu had multiple political indentities in his dramatic life. The Qing dynasty lost power gradually, he hoped to improve it. In the beginning, Zheng participated in Zhang Zhi-Dong’s group. In the meantime, he founded Tung-Kuang style in poetics, and led other poets to study it. This style had a great impact at that time. After the Revolution of 1911, Zheng stayed at Hai-Cang building to resist a new regime. On the face of it, he shut himself away from the world, but still deeply concerned about the restoration of the dynasty in his diary and poetry. As a result, he decided to assist imperial power, which remained in the Forbidden city. Crucially, Zheng played a key role during the time of the Beijing Coup, for he was responsible for keeping Xuantong Emperor away from abduction. For this reason, Zheng won high recognition for his ability in Tianjin concession. Unexpectedly, the Japanese government tactically invited Puyi to lead a new nation, called Manchukuo. Zheng promoted to the prime minister of Manchukuo as well. In his Term of office, he actively implemented national policy and propagated Wang-Dao spirit. In Manchukuo, Zheng obtained a great achievement during his later life, but he was regarded as a traitor. Therefore, Zheng had a bad reputation. In order to understand Zheng’s life, researchers must follow his multiple political identities, and recognize related historical events. Furthermore, this thesis is attempted to emphasize Zheng’s another indentity, meaning that he was a poet all the time, and lots of his poetry represented political expectation. For instance, the experience that Zheng proposed in political situation, and by explaining it, this thesis framed four main themes and expanded different points