- 學位論文
游泳者下水前沖洗對於游泳池水有機物量影響與消毒副產物致癌風險評估之研究—以北市某國小室內泳池為例
The influence of swimmer body washing before entering the pool on the amount of pool water organics and the chlorinated disinfection by-products’ cancer risk assessment in an elementary school’s indoor swimming pool
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摘要
本研究重點在於瞭解北市龍安國小之游泳池三鹵甲烷與有機物(TOC值)的現況背景值(沖洗介入前)、分析其三鹵甲烷生成之相關因素，並藉由小學生下水前的沖洗行為介入，驗證小學生下水前的沖洗行為會對於每位使用龍安國小泳池的上課學生有機物(TOC值)的帶入量產生影響；運用美國環保署開發之游泳者多途徑暴露模式(Swimodel)之計算方法搭配收集到的數據，搭配致癌斜率係數，計算出龍安國小學生的致癌風險評估值。 泳池環境樣品來源為臺北市立龍安國民小學游泳池，研究者在泳池現場進行連續13週，每週10次，共計129次的池水與空氣樣品採樣。 結果顯示，龍安國小游泳池水中總三鹵甲烷濃度之背景值(沖洗介入前)為98.61－214.19 µg/L，平均濃度為157.32 µg/L；空氣中濃度為24.61－303.37µg/m3，平均濃度為162.71 µg/m3，相較於其他國內研究結果數值較偏高，其組成以三氯甲烷為主(均在80%以上)；TOC方面，濃度背景值介於5－9.9mg/L之間，平均值為6.8mg/L，濃度分布相較於介入前(<5－11mg/L)，介入後的TOC濃度集中在6－9 mg/L之間。 TOC濃度與空氣總三鹵甲烷濃度皆與游泳人數呈現正相關；氣溫與空氣三鹵甲烷呈現正相關；游泳池TOC濃度與池水總三鹵甲烷濃度呈現正相關。 在龍安國小上游泳課學生每人帶入TOC量的推估中，運用了曲線配適—最小平方法，推得上游泳課學生平均每人帶入TOC的量在沖洗介入前為2.29g，介入後為0.62g，整體下降了約1.67g；校隊學生每人帶入TOC的量為3.96g，為上游泳課學生的1.7－6.3倍。 終身致癌總風險的部分，沖洗介入前，龍安國小游泳池總三鹵甲烷之終身致癌總風險為2.52 × 10-6－6.58 × 10-5，平均終身致癌總風險值為2.18 × 10-5；介入後為1.11 × 10-5－4.28 × 10-5，平均終身致癌總風險值為降為1.84 × 10-5，推測若能在下水前將身體上的有機物沖洗乾淨，降低帶入池內有機物的量是有助於總三鹵甲烷之終身致癌總風險值的下降。 無論介入前或介入後，龍安國小泳池之總三鹵甲烷與各物種之終身致癌風險值大小均比文獻建議之小學生可接受的終身致癌風險10-7來的高，建議可加強室內泳池的通風，增設風扇或使門窗經常維持敞開，增進室內空氣對流，提高換氣率，以降低空氣中三鹵甲烷的濃度。
並列摘要
The study focus to find out the amount of trihalomethanes and total organic carbon(TOC) in Taipei Longan Elementary School indoor swimming pool’s water; to analyze the correlation among the factors of the trihalomethane formation; and to prove the students in the swimming lesson can reduce the amount of the organic on their body by washing before get into the pool; to calculate the trihalomethanes’ cancer risk in Taipei Longan Elementary School indoor swimming pool by using Swimmer Exposure Model developed by United States Environmental Protection Agency with cancer slope factors. The sample source is from Taipei Longan Elementary School indoor swimming pool. We conduct continuous sampling for 13 weeks, 10 times per week, total of 129 times water and air samples at the pool. The results revealed that the concentrations of total trihalomethanes in pool water(before body washing intervention) ranged from 98.61 to 214.19 μg/L, and the average concentration was 157.32 μg/L; Ambient air total trihalomethanes concentrations ranged from 24.61 to 303.37 μg/m3, and the average concentration was 162.71 µg/m3. The main composition of total trihalomethanes in the water and air samples was chloroform (above 80%). Compared to other domestic research, the results were more high value. The concentrations of total organic carbon in pool water(before washing intervention) ranged from below 5 to 9.9 mg/L, and the average concentrations was 6.8 mg/L. Compared to before intervention (<5－11mg /L), TOC concentration condition focused on 6 to 9 mg/L after intervention. The concentrations of total organic carbon, total trihalomethanes in ambient air were positively correlated with the number of swimmers. The ambient temperature was positively correlated with the concentrations of total trihalomethanes in ambient air. The concentration of total organic carbon was also positively correlated with the concentrations of total trihalomethanes in pool water. We applied the curve fitting - the least squares method to estimate the amount of TOC taken into the pool per student taking the swimming lesson at Longan elementary school. The estimated results showed that the amount of TOC taken into the pool per student taking the swimming lesson was 2.29g before body washing intervention, 0.62g after body washing intervention, and the amount of TOC taken into the pool per student taking the swimming lesson an overall declined about 1.67g; The amount of TOC taken into the pool per school team Swimmer was 3.96g, of which taking the swimming lesson’s student was about 1.7 to 6.3 times. The results of the lifetime cancer risk of total trihalomethanes before body washing intervention ranged from 2.52 × 10-6 to 6.58 × 10-5, and the average lifetime cancer risk of total trihalomethanes was 2.18 × 10-5; the lifetime cancer risk of total trihalomethanes after body washing intervention ranged from 1.11 × 10-5 to 4.28 × 10-5, and the average lifetime cancer risk of total trihalomethanes decreased to 1.84 × 10-5. It speculated that if the organics on the body can be cleaned before get into the water, reducing the amount of organics into the pool is helpful to decrease total trihalomethanes’ lifeltime cancer risk. Whether before or after intervention, the results of the lifetime cancer risk of total trihalomethanes and each species of trihalomethanes were all higher than the elementary school students recommendation of acceptable lifetime cancer risk 10-7. We recommended pool managers to strengthen the indoor pool ventilation, additional fans or to open the doors and windows more often, enhance indoor air convection, improve ventilation rate in order to reduce the concentration of trihalomethanes in the ambient air.
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