金文名動詞類轉變現象研究

自清代中晚期以來,受到西學東漸影響,以西方語法理論為基礎的研究方法頗為風行。隨著中外語法研究不斷發展,晚近興起的認知語言學理論被廣泛應用於各項材料,成為眾人熟知的研究方法與學派,認知語言學派以人類的基本認知能力為出發點,探討人類認知概念與外在環境的互動過程,並用以解釋世界各地不同的語言現象。筆者以為此類研究方法目前尚未廣泛應用於古文字材料,然而古今漢語的語法及語意轉變現象有近似之處,本論文著眼於金文名動詞類轉變現象,試圖透過例子分析、句法結構和框架概念等不同層面的深入探究,進而釐清金文詞類轉變發生的原因及語意變化過程。無論古今中外,文字生成和語言發展兩者關係密不可分,以往中國文字研究學者多著重在字形結構、字音變化與語意轉折之間的鑽研與類推,較少學者由人類對周遭環境事物的認知模式探討文字形義變化關係,因此筆者試圖由認知語言學的框架語意理論探析古文字未定形過程中的詞類轉變現象。金文是刻鑄在中國古代青銅器上的文字,歷來被學者認為是研究中國古代文字與文化的重要材料,往昔學者雖已注意到古文字材料頻繁出現詞類發生變化的現象,但多半臚列說解,未能就字義歷時變化及使用情境等細節作更加深入的說明。本論文則由人類的認知模式作為研究切入點,探索金文材料發生名詞動用與動詞名用等詞類轉變現象,並藉此探尋上古漢語名動詞類發生變化的過程與原因,期盼透過框架視角瞭解詞彙語意的轉變延伸脈絡,冀能為中國文字研究開創更加多元的研究面向。

關鍵字

金文；詞類轉變；動詞名用；名詞動用；框架語意理論

並列摘要

Since mid or late-Qing Dynasty, research methods based on Western grammatical theories have become quite popular owing to the dissemination of Western learning to the Orient. As grammatical researches on Chinese as well as other languages progress, cognitive linguistic theories proposed lately have been broadly applied to all sorts of materials and emerged as a well-known research method and academic discipline. With the fundamental cognitive abilities of human beings as the basis, cognitive linguistics explore the interaction between the cognitive concepts of human beings and the external world and provide explanations for various linguistic phenomena in different languages. In view that research methods based on cognitive linguistics have yet been used extensively in studies on ancient Chinese in spite of the similarities on grammatical and semantic shifts between modern and ancient Chinese, the study looks into the categorical shift of nouns and verbs in bronze inscriptions and attempts to verify the nature of category shift and the process of semantic changes in bronze inscriptions through in-depth investigation from various perspectives and levels, including analyses on examples, grammatical structures, and conceptual frames. At all times and across all languages, the formation of words and the development of language are tightly related. In the past, researchers working on Chinese characters tended to lay emphasis on analyzing and comparing the structures of characters, variations of sounds, and shifts in semantics, while not many studies have been proposed to explore the relationship among the formal and semantic changes of Chinese characters based on how human beings perceive and recognize their surroundings. Therefore, the author of the present study attempts to investigate category shifts in the moratorium process of ancient Chinese words based on the frame semantic theory in cognitive linguistics. Bronze inscriptions are ancient text inscribed on Chinese ritual bronzes and have been recognized by researchers as important evidence for unveiling the culture and language in ancient China. While having noticed the frequent occurrence of category shift in ancient Chinese characters, most researchers simply enumerate explanations without further explicating the chronological semantic changes and the scenarios of usage. The present study investigates the phenomena of verb denominalization (shift from nouns to verbs) and noun deverbalization (shift from verbs to nouns) in bronze inscriptions from the perspective of human cognition and attempts to find out the process and the reasons of which the categorical shift of nouns and verbs occurs in ancient Chinese accordingly in hope to sort out the shifts in the semantics of lexicon by resorting to conceptual frame and create a different perspective to diversify the studies on Chinese characters.