古代希臘羅馬與先秦法治思想之比較研究

公元前七至前五世紀之間，不成文行為規範在東西方逐漸演變為成文法，對先進國家的形成與發展具有極深的影響。無論西方還是東方，隨著成文法的出現與日益增加的重要性，思想學界中亦引發了許多關於法律與統治者之間的論述，迄今已有兩千多年的歷史，且產生了多種法律統治理論。在西方，古希臘哲學家柏拉圖首先宣揚公民與統治者均應僅為法律的奴隸，亞里斯多德則繼承其思想並使其發展。在羅馬共和國晚期，西塞羅為西方自然法理論奠定基礎，並從此理論衍生出來一個基於自然法的古代法治概念。在中國，春秋戰國時期為討論統治者與法律間的關係之繁榮時期。法家學派主張「以法治國」原則，提出基於實證法的法學理論，且為中國古代法律體系的發展奠定主要基礎。黃老道家思想雖然亦重視「法」，但其所提出的法治概念以中國古代自然法觀念為主。儘管歷史背景大不相同，但中、西方思想家均有提出被許多後來學者稱為「法治」的法學理論。本論文在研究框架之內，試圖對題目進行全面性的分析與研究，提供全面的論述。本文以古希臘、羅馬及古代中國典籍為主要資料，藉此分別探討柏拉圖、亞里斯多德、西塞羅、法家及黃老道家的古代法治思想。透過中、西方法治概念的對比，筆者分析這些理論的相似與差異之處，呈現中、西方法治思想之間最主要的相似處在於自然法理論，而最大的差異與政治制度有關。

關鍵字

法治；先秦法治；古希臘；古羅馬；法家；黃老道家

並列摘要

From the seventh to fifth century B.C.E., unwritten customary norms gradually evolved into written laws, deeply impacting the formation and development of advanced societies. No matter whether in the West or East, the emergence of statutory laws and its increasing importance led to numerous discourses among intellectuals on the relationship between the sovereign and the laws, creating a variety of legal theories over the past two thousand years. In the West, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato first proclaimed that citizens and the sovereign should both be slaves of the laws, while Aristotle inherited these ideas and developed them further. In the late Roman Republic, Cicero not only laid the foundation for Western theories of natural law but also derived an ancient concept of the rule of law from it. In China, Legalists thinkers laid the foundation for the development of the ancient Chinese legal system by putting forward legal theories based on positive law and advocating a concept of “ruling the country by law”. Thinkers of the Huang-Lao school also attached great importance to law, but in contrast to the Legalists, the Huang-Lao concept of the “rule of law” was based on a Chinese natural law theory. Even though the historical background is entirely different, ancient Western and Chinese thinkers have proposed various concepts, which were referred to as “rule of law” theories by later scholars. This thesis is intended to provide a comprehensive study, using ancient Greek, Roman, and Chinese classics as main sources to discuss the ancient concepts of the “rule of law” proposed by Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, the Legalists, and Huang-Lao thinkers. By comparing Western and Chinese concepts, similarities and differences between these “rule of law” theories will be analyzed. The thesis reveals that the main similarities can be found in theories of natural law, while major differences are related to the inclusion of political systems within the theories.