- 學位論文
生態語言教育觀之CLIL課程設計與實踐-以基礎級「中文101」課程為例
An Ecolinguistic and CLIL Approach to Designing and Implementing a Curriculum for a Basic-Level "Chinese 101" Class
摘要
國際交流頻繁之際，多語與跨文化溝通人才需求倍增。90年代起，立基於社會文化互動之「生態語言教育觀」，且強調以「語言」作為建立社會關係「工具」，「用語言」學習「新知」的「內容與語言整合學習」(Content and Language Integrated Learning) 因應而生。「語言、內容、認知、文化」(簡稱4Cs) 並進的「課理優」(CLIL) 學習模式與重視社會文化互動之「生態語言教育觀」，為語言教育帶來新展望。 本研究以生態語言教育觀作為課程教學準則，搭配原有以華語聽說讀寫技能為主的課程，增添多元主題之「文化」題材作為延伸學習「內容」。課程將「華語」從「目標」轉化為學習「工具」，引導學生運用此「工具」學習知識並且進行溝通，透過不同「認知」層次的課堂活動培養詮釋、比較、分析、批判與創造性等思考能力。藉由學習者和有機與無機環境的多元互動活動，培養跨文化覺察、理解與包容力，並且在「情意」上感受到友善與安全的學習氛圍。 教學研究以剛進入臺灣學習環境，基礎級華語程度之外籍學生為研究對象。課程以「內容、語言、認知、文化」與「情意」(4Cs+A) 為並進目標，配合原定教科書《當代中文課程》第一冊的語言點與單元主題，導入「日常文化」作為「內容」體材，學習連結生活場域，以期體現「用語言建立關係」以及「用語言學習新知」的意義化學習。 研究方法採取行動研究模式。研究者即為教學者，在教學過程中觀察並記錄教與學挑戰。蒐集學習歷程中可見的學習證據，並透過問卷調查瞭解學習者反饋。最後，以生態語言教育觀點與4Cs+A「內容、語言、認知、文化、情意」，檢視立基於「生態語言教育觀」與「內容與語言整合學習」模式之基礎華語課程設計與實踐成效。 研究結果顯示：情意方面，課程具參與性，正向且支持性的學習氛圍，有效促進學習互動。語言部分，學習過程中能看到學習者對「關鍵語言」、「促進學習語言」的運用以及「學習中萌發語言」的產出。然而，在語言結構上，如：組織架構、銜接、轉折與觀點表達則較弱。文化方面，學習者能列舉、陳述並比較臺灣與母國文化產物。然而，抽象「文化觀念」例如：態度與價值觀方面則無涉略。認知方面，當學習者受限於華語能力或者在溝通表達時，過度著重於需滿足「全中文」要求時，間接地也影響對內容的分析、應用與創造等認知能力表現。 教學實踐研究過後，針對未來精進教學，提升學習成效建議如下：一、語言結構方面，提供段落或篇章式的結構鷹架，強化學習者之語言結構意識。二、認知學習方面，適度放寬全中文使用要求，允許學生使用熟悉的語言或者運用非語言訊息，如：圖像與圖表，以讓高認知的學習深度得以展現。三、文化學習方面，除了具體的文化產物和行為外，具體事物背後的深度文化價值觀，亦需加以設計，融入學習課程。 針對以「生態語言教育觀」為基礎的「課理優」實施與推動，整體建議如下：一、在課程面上，良效的課程實施，非來自教師一己之力，需校方、行政方、學習者、跨域教師以及場域協助與配合。二、在教學層面上，教師須認知到教學是一門設計學門。教師需能靈活運用生活場域資源，讓語言與內容，學中用，用中學。三、在學習鷹架上，教師必須意識到，針對外籍生的教學是一種有語言特殊輔導需求的特殊教育。設計學習任務時，需視學習者語言程度，提供多元學習輔助鷹架。四、在學習情意面，給予具挑戰性的任務之餘，亦需將學習安全感之情意感受納入考量。五、在學習層面，學習者必須調整學習模式，從被動的學習接受者，轉為主動的學習參與者與貢獻者。六、在學校行政層面，教學單位亦能鼓勵「課理優」教師發展教師社群，形成有後盾之教學互助團體。
並列摘要
In the era of global world, the demand for multilingual and cross-cultural communication has increased. Due to the cross-cultural and cross-discipline communication need, Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) and ecolinguistic view of language education started to draw language educators’ attention and brought the new inspiration to the language education. This teaching research reversed the mainly language-form focus teaching by using the Content and Language Integrated Learning model in the novice to CEFR A1 Chinese level course. In this research, Content, Language, Cognition, Culture and Affective (4Cs+A) were set as the course learning goals. Daily culture topics were used as the extended learning elements and were integrated into to Chinese language learning. Hoped that by the implementation of ecolinguistic CLIL approach, the learners of Chinese as a second language not only obtain language skills, but also learned the intercultural competence, thinking ability and the learning affective. After the research, the results showed that, the course was highly engaging, positive and supportive in the affective aspect. In the language level, learners were able to communicate linguistically according to task instructions. However, the language structures had more room to improve. In the culture level, learners can name and compare the cultural products of Taiwan and their home country. However, abstract cultural concepts such as attitudes and values were rarely covered. In the cognition level, due to the learners’ limited Chinese proficiency, the high cognition skills were rarely shown in students’ Chinese performance. After the study of teaching practice, the suggestions to improve the learning effectiveness are as follows: First, in terms of language structure, provide paragraph structure frame to strengthen learners' awareness of language structure. Second, in terms of cognitive learning, allow students to use familiar languages or use non-verbal messages, such as images and charts to show the high cognition learning performance. Third, in addition to the cultural products and behaviors, the learning activities related to the cultural values are also needed to be designed and integrated into the learning curriculum. The overall recommendations for the ecolinguistic CLIL curriculum are as follows: First, a successful learning curriculum require the support from school, teachers, students and the communities. Second, flexible in teaching and let learning connect to the daily life environment are needed. Third, understand learners’ difficulty, offer the necessary and suitable scaffolding to support learning. Fourth, in addition to the challenging tasks, the learning affective factors must be taken into account. Fifth, learners are active participants instead of passive recipients. Sixth, develop the teachers’ learning group and offer necessary teaching support.