- 學位論文
成年監護制度：以意思能力與監護人角色為中心
Adult Guardianship: Focusing on Mental Capacity and Role of Guardian
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摘要
在人類歷史的演進上，世界人口已經達到一個里程碑。由於醫療技術以及飲食衛生的進步，世界上的年輕人口數目超過年長人口數目。然而，這個世界正在老化，臺灣的人口結構也呈現了這個 現象。由於生活條件進步，人們活得比以前更久，但也卻活得更不健康；越來越多年長的人在邁入老年時期之際因許多精神上疾病而受苦，其中最常見的就是老年痴呆和阿茲海默症。隨著年紀 漸長或因前開疾病而意思能力喪失或減損，就變成面對老化時一個無法避免的問題。面對這種情況，人們如何為自己做決定？由誰來決定這些人是否還具有完整的意思能力？這些問題迫切需要 解決方案，而成年監護制度似乎是一個適當的答案。 在臺灣，成年監護制度的實體法規定早在民法親屬編當中已有規定；程序法部分則規定於民事訴訟法人事訴訟程序的章節當中；而後修法時，民事訴訟法當中人事訴訟程序規定全數被刪除，部 分內容挪到家事事件法當中，現成年監護制度的程序部分已全數規定於家事事件法當中。然而，成年監護制度在實務上很少被討論到的問題即為意思能力的決定標準，以及為監護宣告裁定後法 院的監督措施。 除了當事人意思能力決定標準之外，本文亦談論監護人的角色、權限與限制，以及法院的角色與事後監督措施。藉由引用英國意思能力法、實務規章(Code of Practice，由英國的The Stationery Office代表The Department of Constitutional Affairs發行)、美國統一成年監護保護程序法(Uniform Guardianship Protective Proceedings Act)規定以及相關美國法院判決，盼能作為臺灣成年監護制度 更臻完善的參考。
並列摘要
The world is on the milestone of demographic. From the beginning the recorded history, young children have outnumbered their elders—partly in thanks to a better medical support that has been developing towards extending the life expectancy of human beings, and partly also in thanks to the extremely abundant food supply in most countries all over the world. On the one hand, the overall statistics of the world indicates that the world is ageing. On the other hand, the statistics of any specific country—for example, Taiwan, also reveals the same in its population structure. As of April 2016, Taiwan Ministry of the Interior, Department of Statistics published the ageing index at the rate of 94.46%—meaning that every one hundred persons under the age of 14, there will be more than 94 people age 65 or over. In Taiwan, the adult guardianship scheme has long been adopted ever since the enactment of the Taiwan Civil Code. However, that was the substantive part of guardianship, and it was until 2012 that the procedural part of guardianship was enacted through the enactment of Family Proceedings Act. The enactment of Family Proceedings Act has highlighted the issues contained in the adult guardianship, and has therefore raised scholars’ attention as never before. Before the enactment of Family Proceedings Act, main stipulations for adult guardianship has long been placed in the Taiwan Civil Code, Part IV of Chapter 10 Section 2“Guardianship and Assistantship over Adults”; however, little has been discussed over adult guardianship and assistantship—especially over the determination of whether a person still possesses full mental capacity, and the monitoring scheme of adult guardianship. Accordingly, the essence of this essay is to discuss the standards of determining a person’s incapacity, a guardian’s the powers and the limits therein, and the court’s authority in determination of the incapacity, appointment and removal of a guardian, and monitoring of a guardian’s performance over the course of a guardianship. The above discussion shall be conducted by comparing the laws and practices between the UK, the US, and Taiwan—main focus will be laid in the US court practices given the sources available.
參考文獻
臺灣新北地方法院105年度監宣字第300號民事裁定
臺灣臺中地方法院105年度監宣字第213號民事裁定
臺灣臺北地方法院105年度監宣字第107號民事裁定
臺灣台北地方法院104年度監宣字第518號民事裁定
臺灣士林地方法院104年度監宣字第126號民事裁定