- 學位論文
探討寫實繪畫者的觀察策略與認知風格
Observational Strategies and Cognitive Styles of Realistic Drawers
摘要
寫實繪畫的最初一步是奠基於觀察，Cohen和Bennett（1997）的研究便探討了觀察對寫實繪畫的重要性，研究中他們提出了四個成人繪畫運思階段：「觀察」、「決策」、「手眼協調」、「自我評估」，結果指出以觀察的正確性對寫實繪畫的影響力最大。本研究同樣著眼於寫實繪畫的觀察行為，同時探究「由上而下」的認知影響－認知風格，會對寫實繪畫的觀察策略產生何種影響。 我們規劃了三個繪畫實驗：（1）「觀察廣度」實驗是從注意力廣度的角度出發，以訪談資料與行為觀察的方式，歸納出兩種觀察策略：第一種觀察時能互相比較所有物件間的關係脈絡，稱之為「由整體著眼」；第二種策略只專注在單一物件或較小的範圍做觀察，且無法全面比較畫面內所有物件。我們稱之為「由局部入手」，結果顯示熟手畫家多使用「由整體著眼」的觀察策略，使用這種策略同時也可以讓寫實繪畫有較好的表現水準；（2）「平面定位」實驗關心的是手眼協調議題，而「平面定位」指的是畫者利用圖面上的線索找出下筆時的正確位置，目前我們檢驗了兩種與寫實繪畫的有關的平面定位策略：第一種「絕對定位」是利用圖面的四周的邊框作為定位參考系統，通常發生在圖面空白要畫下第一筆時；第二種「相對定位」是利用圖面已畫出的物件作為定位參考。最後一個作業是討論畫者「手部執行能力」，也就是繪圖時筆畫的流暢度與正確度，結果顯示這個能力也與平面定位和寫實繪畫能力有關；（3）「心像作畫」關注的焦點是心像記憶，實驗設計是模擬畫者無法時時比較原有觀察對象物，需要透過提取與重組心像記憶再現在圖面上的繪圖模式。我們發現空間心像能力越好的畫者，越能勝任這種繪圖模式。 比較整體研究結果後，我們發現「場地獨立」的能力在寫實繪畫中占有重要的基礎地位，場地獨立能力好的畫者都能勝任本研究中的各個繪畫作業，推論是因為場地獨立的能力涉及了解析視覺資訊，提取有利的結構作為再現使用，而這幫助了繪畫的觀察準確度，乃至於提升繪畫表現水準。
並列摘要
The first step of realistic drawing is observation. Cohen and Bennett (1997) examined the importance of observation in realistic drawing and divided the adults’ mental processes in drawing into four stages: observation, decision making, hand-eye coordination, and self-evaluation. Their results indicated that the accuracy of observation exerted the greatest impact on realistic drawing. This study also focused on observation behavior in realistic drawing. We based on our discussion on crucial issues in cognitive styles and investigated the influence of top-down approach on observation strategies in realistic drawing. We designed three drawing experiments: (1) The observation span experiment that focused on the drawer’s attentional span. The analysis of interview data and behavioral observations revealed two observation strategies: taking on the whole and taking on a local part. The former allows the drawers to compare the relationships among objects, whereas the latter concentrates on single objects or on a smaller scope rather than the full range of view in the image. The results indicated that most skilled drawers take the holistic strategy, which we found promoted better performance in realistic drawing. (2) The 2D positioning experiment that focused on the drawer’s eye-hand coordination issues. 2D positioning ability is a skill that demands the drawer to use cues on the canvas to position his/her strokes. So far, we examined two 2D positioning strategies associated with realistic drawing: absolute positioning and relative positioning. The former uses the four edges of the canvas as a position reference system and is generally used to make the first stroke on a blank canvas. The latter uses objects that have already been drawn on the canvas as positioning references. The third task in this group was about evaluating the quality of a drawer’s hand execution, the smoothness and accuracy of strokes in drawing. Our results indicated that this ability was also associated with 2D positioning and realistic drawing abilities. (3) The mental imagery drawing experiment that focused on mental imagery ability. The experimental design simulated the situation in which drawer cannot keep comparing the drawing with the target object, requiring the drawer to create and maintain a mental imagery and then draw it on the canvas. We found that drawers with better spatial imagery ability were more competent in this situation. The overall results indicated that field independence cognitive style plays an important role in realistic drawing. Field independent drawers outperformed field dependent drawers in all of the drawing tasks in this study. We infer that this is because field independent drawers can analyze visual information and extract useful structures for reproduction and reuse, which benefits the accuracy of observation during drawing and even enhances drawing performance. Keywords: Realistic drawing, Observation, Cognitive style, Spatial ability, Object ability, Field independence and field dependence